فرم‌هایی با هندسۀ پیچیده و رویه‌های منحنی در چاپ سه‌بٌعدی بتن

نوع مقاله : مقالۀ پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 پژوهشگر دکتری فناوری معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشیار دانشکدۀ معماری، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران .

3 استاد دانشکدۀ مهندسی مکانیک، دانشکدگان فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

4 دانشیار گروه مهندسی معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

چکیده
بیان مسئله: از مهم‌ترین موضوعات در طراحی معماری، فرم است که در طراحی رایانشی، پیچیده‌تر از گذشته شده و برای ساخت، احتیاج به بهره‌گیری از روش‌های ساخت دیجیتال هم‌چون ساخت افزودنی (چاپ سه‌بٌعدی) است. دیرزمانی است که بتن از اصلی‌ترین مصالح در معماری و مهندسی ساختمان محسوب می‌شود. در دو سه دهة اخیر، چاپ سه‌بٌعدی بتن پیشرفت‌های قابل ملاحظه‌ای داشته و نمونه‌های کاربردی مانند پل عابرپیاده، واحد مسکونی و مبلمان شهری با این فناوری ساخته شده است. یکی از مهم‌ترین مزیت‌های چاپ سه‌بٌعدی، ساخت هندسه‌های پیچیده و دربردارندة سطوح منحنی است. در چاپ سه‌بٌعدی با مواد بتنی، به‌علت مقیاس بزرگ، برخی از نقایص سطح چاپ‌شده هم‌چون اثر پلکانی آن بیش‌تر نمایان می‌شود. یکی از روش‌هایی که می‌توان به‌کار برد تا پرداخت نهایی سطح چاپ‌شده، صاف‌تر و به طرح دیجیتال اصلی نزدیک‌تر باشد، کاربرد لایه‌زنی منحنی (غیرتخت) در تولید اطلاعات ساخت مورد نیاز چاپگر است. این روش اصلاحی می‌تواند تنها با مداخله در سطح نرم‌افزاری و با بهره‌گیری از سخت‌افزار موجود، سطوحی با پرداخت نهایی بهتر تولید کند.
هدف پژوهش: بررسی روش‌های ارائه‌شده در ساخت افزودنی با مواد بتنی و یافتن مزیت‌ها و محدودیت‌های آن‌ها در مقالات منتشر شده است.
روش پژوهش: در این پژوهش مروری، به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، داده‌های اسنادی گردآوری‌شده از اسناد علمی منتشر‌شده مانند مقالات، کتاب‌ها و پایان‌نامه‌ها مورد واکاوی قرار گرفته‌اند.
نتیجهگیری: سه روش اصلی در ساخت افزودنی با مواد بتنی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و مزیت‌ها و محدودیت‌های هر کدام برشمرده شده است. چالش‌های عمدة ساخت افزودتی با بتن در سه دستة خصوصیات بتن قابل چاپ و مواد تشکیل‌دهندة آن، چاپ قطعات طره‌دار و سازة پشتیبان برای چاپ بتن و وجود درزهای سرد بررسی‌شده و در نهایت روش‌های ارائه‌شده برای ساخت رویه‌های (سطوح) منحنی با فناوری چاپ سه‌بٌعدی بتن ذکر شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Complex Geometry Forms and Curved Surfaces in 3D Concrete Printing

نویسندگان [English]

  • Khodayar Bondarian 1
  • Saeed Haghir 2
  • Karen Abrinia 3
  • Mohammad reza Matini 4
1 Ph.D. Candidate, School of Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associated Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
4 Associated Professor, Department of Architecture, School of Architecture & Urban Design, Tehran University of Art, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Problem statement: One of the most critical issues in architectural design is form, which has become more complicated in computational design. To overcome such problems nowadays, digital manufacturing methods such as additive manufacturing could be used. For a long time, concrete has been considered one of the primary materials in architecture. In recent decades, concrete 3D printing has made significant progress and practical samples such as pedestrian bridges, residential units, and urban furniture have been made with this technology. One of the most important advantages of 3D printing is the creation of complex geometries including curved surfaces. In 3D concrete printing, due to its large scale, some defects of the printed surfaces, such as the staircase effect are more visible. One of the methods that could be used to make the final finish of the printed surface smoother and closer to the original digital design is the application of curved (non-flat) layering in the production process. This method could produce surfaces with a better finish only by intervening at the software level and using the existing hardware.
Research objective: This paper seeks to investigate the methods presented in the additive manufacturing of cementitious materials and attempts to find their advantages and limitations in published articles.
Research method: In this review article, the documentary data collected from published scientific documents like articles, books, and theses, have been analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method.
Conclusion: Three main methods in additive manufacturing of concrete materials have been investigated, and the advantages and limitations of each have been listed. The main challenges for additive manufacturing of concrete in the three categories: properties of printable concrete, supporting structures for concrete printing, and the presence of cold joints were investigated, and finally, the methods presented for the construction of curved surfaces with 3D concrete printing technology were mentioned.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • 3D concrete printing
  • additive manufacturing
  • curved surfaces
  • form with complex geometry
  • curved (non-planar) layering
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