The rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades, along with increasing population density, limited urban land, and changing living patterns, has led to residential complexes becoming one of the dominant patterns of residence in contemporary cities. The rapid growth of urbanization and the expansion of collective housing in residential complexes have highlighted environmental security, particularly in semi-private spaces, as a critical challenge in urban design and planning. These spaces, acting as transitional zones between private and public domains, play a crucial role in shaping both perceived and actual security. However, due to inadequate physical design and weakened social interactions, they often become vulnerable areas.
The aim of the research to systematically analyze the role of physical and social resilience in enhancing environmental security within these spaces and to identify the relationships between these dimensions.
Research method adopts a systematic review methodology based on the PRISMA protocol, examining studies indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Springer between 2000 and 2025. Following identification, screening, and eligibility assessment, 24 studies were selected for in-depth analytical synthesis.
The findings Research indicate that physical factors such as visibility, elimination of blind spots, lighting quality, and spatial legibility, alongside social factors including social interaction, active presence, social capital, and trust, significantly influence environmental security.
conclusion further reveal that purely physical or purely social approaches are insufficient, and that sustainable security emerges from the interaction between these dimensions. Consequently, this study proposes an integrated conceptual framework that explains the dynamic relationships among physical resilience, social resilience, and environmental security, offering a foundation for future research and design interventions.