https://bagh-sj.com/ The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar en daily 1 Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://bagh-sj.com/article_245433.html Problem statement: A large number of dramas that have been created, published, or performed in the Kurdish language are rooted in stories, legends, and epics previously produced by Kurdish writers and poets. Among these, playwrights have paid more attention to some of the works. The epic “Mem û Zîn” is one of these works, based on which a noteworthy number of dramas and other literary and artistic genres have been created. This work is the first long epic written in the Kurdish language, which Ahmad Khani composed in the second half of the 17th century AD. Research objective: This article examined the various influences of this epic on Kurdish drama using Linda Hutcheon`s theories on adaptation and its types, and it aimed to answer the main question of how the epic “Mem û Zîn” has influenced Kurdish playwriting, and to identify the similarities and differences between the works that are derivative of it, as well as among themselves. Research method: The research method in this article was descriptive-analytical, based on adaptation and its types from Linda Hutcheon`s perspective; and existing library resources in this field, and the epic “Mem û Zîn” itself and two derivative dramas “Mem û Zîn” by Pirmard and “Mem û Zîn” by Rasul Bangin were used to answer the posed research question. Conclusion: The findings of this research indicate that the epic “Mem û Zîn” has been a popular source for the creation of Kurdish dramas. Kurdish playwrights, while incorporating significant similarities in their works based on this epic, have also included their unique viewpoints, transforming the epic into a performable play from various perspectives. https://bagh-sj.com/article_242293.html Problem statement: Tomb architecture is one of the prominent domains of Iranian architecture. In the Islamic period, the Seljuk and Ilkhanid periods were turning points in Iranian tomb architecture development; a trend that continued in later periods. This research is dedicated to examining the architectural features of tomb buildings in the village of Shisheh-Riz in Golshan County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province. These buildings have not been studied systematically and with an architectural analysis approach. Therefore, analyzing the architecture of these tombs can pave the way for a better understanding of another part of Iranian architectural heritage.Research objective: The main objective of this research is to identify and analyze the structural and physical features of Shisheh-Riz tombs, along with examining their visual, conceptual, and formal similarities with other tomb buildings in Iran, especially those belonging to the same historical periods.Research method: This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, with observations and field visits, and the study and review of archives such as travelogues and historical documents. The selected cases were the eight historical tombs in the village of Shisheh-Riz. The reason for selecting this number was based on access roads, the possibility of its documents, and field research. Therefore, the sampling method was purposeful, and finally, the data were analyzed qualitatively.Conclusion: Unique architectural features of the Shisheh-Riz tombs include banded hole decorations in walls, the use of patkin arches in the interior space, and particularly the method of making domed corners with pendentive, which is distinct from the tradition of making domed corners with squinch in previous periods of Iranian architecture and largely determines the age of the building, since pendentive was common in tomb buildings during the Ilkhanid period in Iran. Also, some decorative motifs inside the buildings were partially identified by examining historical texts. https://bagh-sj.com/article_242870.html Problem statement: At first glance, the concept of urban rhythms is often understood merely as repetitive temporal patterns or a technical lens for analyzing everyday urban life. However, beyond this superficial interpretation lies a deeper theoretical landscape that has not yet been systematically explored. Therefore, there is a need to identify and classify the diverse theoretical domains that shape the understanding of spatial-temporal dynamics in contemporary cities. This study seeks to answer the fundamental question: “What are the main theoretical domains associated with urban rhythms, and how can these domains be systematically identified, classified, and conceptually represented?”Research objective: The main aim is to develop an integrated theoretical framework that maps, organizes, and interprets the core conceptual interactions underpinning urban rhythm studies, with particular emphasis on Henri Lefebvre’s theory of rhythmanalysis.Research method: Adopting a mixed-method approach, the research was conducted in two main stages. First, a bibliometric analysis was performed on 1,539 scholarly documents indexed in Scopus (1994–2024) to identify dominant research streams and recurrent conceptual clusters. In the second stage, a systematic qualitative meta-synthesis was applied to 521 selected articles, using thematic coding and clustering in ATLAS.ti. This process led to the construction of a conceptual network illustrating theoretical interrelations within the field of urban rhythms.Conclusion: The analysis revealed five major conceptual clusters: Temporal and Rhythmic Structures, Spatial and Urban Theory, Everyday Practices and Embodiment, Socio-Political Dimensions of Space, and Production and Political Economy. Collectively, these clusters indicate that urban rhythms are multi-dimensional and multi-temporal phenomena arising from the intersection of spatial, temporal, social, embodied, and political processes. The study provides a comprehensive theoretical and analytical framework that deepens the understanding of rhythmic complexity in urban life and offers a foundation for advancing future research in spatial-social rhythmanalysis and contemporary urban theory. https://bagh-sj.com/article_243376.html Problem statement: The global transition to the fifth industrial wave has revealed the necessity of rethinking the architecture of industrial spaces. In this regard, productive architecture can, through the adaptation of spatial design to production processes, the enhancement of work environment quality, and the intelligent utilization of modern technologies, provide the grounds for increasing productivity in heavy industries. However, many heavy industrial complexes in Iran still face challenges such as physical obsolescence, a lack of coordination between spatial structure and production system, and weakness in adaptation to technological transformations.Research objective: The present study was conducted to present a productive architectural design model in accordance with the requirements of the fifth industrial wave.Research method: This study was carried out with a qualitative approach and by employing the two stage Delphi technique. In the first stage, initial indicators were extracted through a systematic review of research literature, and the proposed theoretical framework was formulated. In the second stage, the views of 23 experts in the fields of industrial architecture and productivity were collected, and through two phases of evaluation, the indicators were finalized based on the 80 percent consensus criterion.Conclusion: Findings led to the identification of 19 key indicators in three main axes, including: 1) patterns of ownership and utilization of space, 2) technical, technological, and energy considerations, and 3) spatial planning and functional organization. Accordingly, the conceptual model of productive architecture for Iran’s heavy industries within the context of the fifth industrial wave was explained. The results of this research can provide a basis for designing and revitalizing industrial spaces in the country and can contribute to improving productivity, sustainability, and the quality of the work environment in heavy industries. https://bagh-sj.com/article_242294.html Problem statement: With the expansion of interactive graphics in contemporary urban spaces, particularly in Motion Posters and Printed Posters, the concept of “interaction” is linked to the active and multisensory participation of citizens. However, in the dynamic and multilayered urban environment, the interactive capacity and the agentive role of passersby in engaging with urban media have received less attention. Richard E. Mayer’s Multimedia Learning theory can provide an appropriate framework for analyzing citizens’ perceptual experience and enhancing the interactive function of urban posters. Therefore, revisiting the concept of interaction in posters and aligning it with Mayer’s principles is necessary for analyzing the audience’s processes of perception and learning. This study seeks to answer the following questions: How is interaction represented in urban Motion and Printed Posters, and what role do the principles of Multimedia Learning play in shaping the audience’s interactive experience in the city?Research objective: The objective of this article is To revisit the concept of interaction and align the principles of Multimedia Learning with urban Interactive Posters and audience experience.Research Method: This research is fundamental in nature with a qualitative approach, using descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods, and has an applied character. Data were collected from reliable library and online sources and analyzed with a focus on Mayer’s theoretical principles. In this context, two Interactive Posters were analyzed as case studies: the Motion Poster Weltformat Festival and the Printed Poster Arsenic Season Opening, both of which are applicable within urban graphics and represent significant examples of multisensory interaction in urban environments.Conclusion: The findings indicate that interaction in urban Motion and Printed Posters manifests in both physical and perceptual forms. Applying Mayer’s Multimedia Learning principles, including dual channels, limited capacity, and active processing, enables the purposeful use of citizens’ sensory channels and increases message retention in their working memory. Consequently, the audience transforms from a passive recipient into an engaged, participatory, and meaning-making agent. https://bagh-sj.com/article_244769.html Problem statement: The Feminist movement in Iran has been reconstructed not only as an imported discourse but also as an entity influenced by the complications of the cultural ecosystem and femininity structures of contemporary society. In this regard, the art of photography, as a representational medium, has created a ground for expressing the lived experience of female artists. The present study has deeply analyzed the content and issues raised in feminist discourse, which were shaped under the influence of contemporary social conditions both in the territory of Iran and around the world, and have influenced the contemporary visual culture in Iran, relying on the analysis of the existing feminist photographic artworks.Research objective: The research aims to identify the implications of feminist discourse appeared in contemporary works of feminist photography in Iran to further analyze the concepts behind it. The main question of the research here is: According to Gillian Rose’s discourse analysis method, what concepts are included in contemporary feminist photography in Iranian discourse?Research method: This research study has adopted a qualitative approach based on the discourse analysis method. The social philosophy of Gillian Rose, containing a four-part analytical framework, including 1. production, 2. image itself, 3. circulation, and 4. audiencing, was used for the systematic analysis of the target works. To increase the accuracy of the discourse patterns, the ‘content frequency’ was applied as a scientific index. These percentages are not extracted as mere confirming statistical data; rather, they have been applied as a tool for measuring discourse level and explaining the weight of each concept in the semantic structure of the artworks to analyze the hierarchy established in representation.Conclusion: The research findings show that contemporary photography in Iran has moved from mere depiction of the situation to a critical act and dynamic representations. The discourse dominance of “direct representation of femininity typecasts” (57%) indicates a transition from passive subjectivity to active confrontation with hegemonic structures. Moreover, ‘redefining the identity in the local context’ (28%) and ‘hidden resistances’ (18%) reveal complex layers of intervention that indicate the formation of a plural feminist identity that is aware of Iran’s socio-cultural demands. These results indicate that the art of photography in Iran has become a platform for the conscious reproduction of women’s rights and identity by connecting “form” and “social criticism”. https://bagh-sj.com/article_212708.html today's, the presence of people in public spaces such as commercial complexes has decreased due to neglecting the sociability approach, and as a result, people's communication and social relations are also declining in these spaces. Public areas play an important role in the sociability of people. These territories, which are closely related to people's spirit, in addition to their architectural characteristics such as form, geometry, shape, etc., also affect the level of sociability of people through their private territories. At the same time, the different characteristics of these territories create different levels of sociability due to the architecture used in their space, which improves the social relations of people.Today, with the decrease in the attention of designers and architects to the approach of sociability in public spaces such as commercial complexes, the amount of communication and social interaction of people in these places has been greatly reduced, which was very important in the traditional markets of Iran. This type of reduction in people's sociability and interaction and communication has been able to create problems at various individual and collective levels, which at the individual level can be referred to the lack of health and mental and physical improvement of people, followed by a decrease in belonging to public spaces such as He witnessed commercial complexes and markets and at the collective level he witnessed the reduction of social interactions, the increase of crime, the reduction of security and over time the reduction of social stability. The aim of the research is to explain the influencing components of sociability on the factors of spatial layout of business complexes in Shiraz city. The research method is qualitative-quantitative research https://bagh-sj.com/article_242594.html In contemporary research, the significance of natural light in the lives of the elderly has transcended mere visual considerations. Studies indicate that daylight profoundly influences circadian rhythm regulation, sleep quality improvement, depression reduction, and cognitive function enhancement in elderly individuals. However, a comprehensive understanding of the non-visual effects of natural light, particularly in home environments and personal residences, remains incomplete. This study aims to systematically review scientific literature on the non-visual effects of natural light on the elderly in individual housing, identifying research trends while delineating existing dimensions and gaps in the field. The research methodology follows a systematic review approach, utilising national and international academic databases. Keywords such as natural light, elderly, non-visual effects, personal housing, and circadian rhythm were searched within 2000 to 2024, with inclusion and exclusion criteria applied for data refinement. A scientometric approach was also employed, leveraging VOSviewer software to identify high-frequency keywords and co-citation networks. Findings indicate that natural light, particularly during morning hours, plays a pivotal role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle of the elderly, contributing to improved sleep patterns, increased alertness, and reduced depressive symptoms. Moreover, optimal architectural design—incorporating well-positioned windows, skylights, and appropriate spectral lighting—can enhance cognitive performance and mental well-being in elderly individuals within their homes. The results underscore that natural light is one of the most influential environmental factors affecting elderly health and should be optimally integrated into residential architectural design. Ensuring adequate daylight exposure and carefully controlling its intensity and spectrum can serve as fundamental strategies to enhance the quality of life for the elderly and mitigate age-related disorders. https://bagh-sj.com/article_242961.html Problem Statement: The scarcity of natural landscapes in contemporary residential settings and the disconnection between humans and nature in modern societies deprive residents of the tranquilizing benefits of natural environments. Consequently, enhancing subjective well-being and mental health has come to be known as a critical challenge in residential setting design.Research Objective: The present study was an attempt to identify and classify the dominant perspectives of architectural experts familiar with biophilic design principles regarding the influence of nature-based design on the subjective well-being of residents in residential complexes.Methodology: the present heuristic study is fundamental in terms of objective and falls into the category of descriptive survey studies in terms of data collection. The Delphi method was employed to identify expert perspectives, and Q factor analysis was used to classify their perceptual patterns. In the Delphi phase, 20 experts in architectural education and design were selected through purposive, non probability sampling. The sample size was justified by the inclusive recruitment of experts with distinct views and their participation in the study. A Likert scale questionnaire for Q factor analysis was then administered to the experts, and the data were analyzed with SPSS 27.Conclusion:The findings revealed four dominant subjective patterns among architectural experts: Objective pattern (visual quality of nature) 14.635%, Functional pattern (structure of nature) – 13.027%, Semantic pattern (semantic relationship with nature) – 12.879% and Sensory pattern (non visual physics of nature) – 9.996%. These four patterns indicate that architectural experts consider nature effective in improving residents’ subjective well being from four perspectives: visual, functional, semantic, and non visual. https://bagh-sj.com/article_242962.html Problem Statement: Isfahan's historic urban fabric, a UNESCO World Heritage site, functions as both a visual attraction and a dynamic space for pedestrian experiences. While pedestrian-oriented development gains prominence, existing research focusing on physical metrics has overlooked how tourists construct place meaning, creating mismatches between urban interventions and actual user experiences in heritage settings.Objective: This study analyzes tourists' lived experiences in Isfahan's historic context to identify semantic themes shaping sense of place and examine physical, social, and aesthetic factors' roles in this process, aiming to bridge theoretical models and human experiences.Research Questions:1. How do tourists describe walking experiences in Isfahan's historic fabric?2. What factors influence place experience quality?3. What discrepancies exist between spatial models and real pedestrian experiences?Method: Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), data from 16 tourists collected via semi-structured interviews were analyzed thematically, revealing six core themes.Findings: Four primary themes emerged: "Signs and Wayfinding," "Visual Beauty and Legibility," "Socio-Economic Activities," and "Environmental Comfort." The "Spatial vs. Experiential Discrepancy" theme showed quantitative models' limitations in capturing meaning-making. Domestic tourists demonstrated emotional/identity-based perceptions while international tourists exhibited aesthetic/analytical perspectives.Conclusion: Pedestrian experience in Isfahan is multidimensional, formed through physical-sensory-social interactions. Findings advocate for place-based, human-centered policies in historic urban management to enhance tourist experiences while preserving cultural heritage, recommending integration of qualitative data with conventional approaches. https://bagh-sj.com/article_243397.html Problem Statement: Urbanization and uncontrolled physical expansion of cities, without consideration of climatic consequences, have led to rising ambient temperatures and a subsequent decline in thermal comfort and quality of life for residents in outdoor spaces within hot and arid climates. Although vegetation can enhance thermal comfort through shading and radiation mitigation, the effectiveness of this strategy at the microscale, such as in residential alleys, remains uncertain and warrants further investigation. Research Objective: This study evaluates the role of vegetation in moderating thermal comfort at the microscale in urban spaces within a hot and arid climate. Methodology: Two alleys with similar physical characteristics but different vegetation conditions in the Kholdebarin neighborhood of Shiraz, Iran, were selected. Field data, including air temperature and relative humidity were collected during peak heat hours. Following simulation of the study environment in ENVI-met, the data were analyzed using the PMV index in Bio-MET.Conclusion: Results indicate that the maximum temperature difference was approximately 2°C, while the PMV index remained in the "very hot" range. Despite the relative effect of vegetation, this degree of change is insufficient to provide thermal comfort. The findings demonstrate that tree species and canopy form play a significant role in improving thermal conditions. This study emphasizes that effective green space design incorporating trees with wide canopies is more impactful than simply planting trees with limited canopy cover. https://bagh-sj.com/article_243690.html Statement of the problem: Informal settlements, as a growing phenomenon in metropolises, face numerous physical, social, and behavioral challenges. One of the less studied aspects is the impact of the physical structure of these settlements on the behavioral patterns of residents. This study addresses the issue of how physical-spatial characteristics affect people's daily behavior.Objective: The main objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between physical-spatial structure and behavioral patterns of residents in Morteza Gerd neighborhood as an example of an informal settlement in District 19 of Tehran. Also, identifying the types of behavioral spaces formed in response to this structure is considered a secondary objective of the research.Research Methodology: This study was conducted using a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) and an applied approach. Data were collected and analyzed using various techniques including library studies, field observations, distribution of 378 resident questionnaires, as well as spatial analysis of the physical structure of the area (using the spatial layout method) and prioritization of areas based on research criteria (using the TOPSIS technique). Findings and Conclusions: The results of the study show that the physical-spatial structure plays a very important role in shaping the behavior of residents. Areas with better access, appropriate uses, and more open space witnessed richer social behaviors and a higher sense of belonging. In contrast, areas that were adjacent to industrial uses or had poor access reduced social interactions and feelings of insecurity. Overall, this study concludes that any planning to improve the quality of life in these settlements should begin with improving the physical-spatial structure and paying attention to its relationship with resident behavior. https://bagh-sj.com/article_244771.html AbstractProblem Statement:Walkability is one of the key indicators of urban environmental quality and a prerequisite for achieving a sustainable city. In commercial and administrative fabrics, the dominance of motorized traffic over pedestrian spaces reduces the quality of the walking experience, decreases citizens’ satisfaction, and intensifies conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians—conflicts that constitute a major barrier to urban vitality and public health.Objective:The aim of this study is to assess citizens’ satisfaction with walkability and to determine the priority of factors affecting it in the Mir Emad neighborhood of Isfahan, in order to provide a framework for improving the quality of pedestrian spaces and guiding urban planning decisions.Methodology:This research is descriptive in nature. Data were collected through 113 valid Likert-scale questionnaires administered to residents, shopkeepers, and pedestrians. The variables examined include safety and security, pavement quality, spatial legibility, land-use diversity, and climatic comfort. Quantitative analyses were conducted using the AdaBoost machine learning algorithm, and qualitative analyses were carried out through an interpretable examination of respondents’ comments.Conclusion:The results indicate that the AdaBoost algorithm has a satisfactory ability to explain variations in citizens’ satisfaction (coefficient of determination ≈ 0.71). Reducing motor traffic and improving walkability play the most significant role in increasing citizens’ satisfaction, followed by route safety, sidewalk quality, and nighttime lighting. Therefore, in commercial–administrative contexts, enhancing the quality of pedestrian environments cannot be achieved solely through physical improvements; it also requires sustainable transport policies, traffic management, reduced car use, and the provision of safe pedestrian routes. https://bagh-sj.com/article_244772.html Statement of the problem: The environmental and economic challenges of the construction industry have made the necessity of utilizing new technologies more evident than ever. In the meantime, 3D printing concrete, as an emerging approach, has a significant capacity to reduce waste, save time, and improve productivity. Numerous pioneering studies have addressed these issues with methodologies and case studies, but there is still a lack of an analytical framework among them. Research objective: To investigate and achieve a framework that clearly defines the effective method, process, and tool in the field of life cycle assessment knowledge in the discussion of 3D printing. Research method: The present study, using the method of logical-analytical reasoning and a systematic review of research literature and library research, has examined life cycle assessment frameworks and identified key factors in this field. Conclusion: The results show that concrete materials, especially cement, have the largest share in carbon dioxide emissions and account for about 52% of the total environmental impacts. In contrast, the replacement of recycled materials, especially in the aggregates sector, depending on the consumption ratio, can reduce these impacts by 24 to 47%. From an economic perspective, this technology also has the potential to save up to about 78%. Despite these advantages, the variability in the performance unit, system limitations, and the limitations of industrial-scale data prevent direct comparison of results. Accordingly, standardization of life cycle assessment methodology and development of real-scale experimental studies are prerequisites for the sustainable use of 3D printing of concrete in future architecture and urban development. https://bagh-sj.com/article_244990.html Statement of the problem: One of the fundamental questions in the field of architectural history and theory is how to draw the future of architecture and contemporary architectural criticism. In this regard, the present study examines the architecture of contemporary Iranian monuments during the years 1978 to 1991 with the approach of contemporary criticism and models of the theory of outstanding architecture.Research objective: The main objective is to analyze the discourse of “authenticity” and “technology” in monuments, emphasizing the role of these two factors in shaping architectural innovation. The study attempts to explain the theoretical and semantic capacities and the link between authenticity and technology in the innovative horizons of architectural design.Research method: This study used a mixed exploratory approach (one qualitative stage and two quantitative stages). The qualitative part examined the data using documentary methods and content analysis of the discourse of outstanding architecture, analyzed 17 monuments, and identified the main themes. In the quantitative part, first, a questionnaire with 8 items was created and its validity and reliability were measured with correlation and expert approval. Then, by surveying and analyzing the data with the Friedman test, 8 landmark monuments were ranked by experts in the field to achieve a link between qualitative and quantitative findings to understand the concept of innovation in contemporary Iranian architecture.Conclusion: The findings show that "technology" plays a vital role in architectural innovation alongside "originality". Originality includes shape, form, structural principles, and relationship with the environment, and technology includes materials and construction techniques. Finally, the tomb of Avicenna had the highest level of contemporaneity, followed by the tombs of Khayyam, Hafez, Kamal al-Molk, Nader Shah Afshar, Ferdowsi, Saadi, and Baba Taher, in order. https://bagh-sj.com/article_245778.html Problem Statement: Contemporary architectural experience in Iran, particularly in museums, is embodied not only in physical form and spatial symbolism but also in the perceptual–motor experience of visitors. Nevertheless, the role of embodiment as a fundamental mechanism of architectural narrativity has received limited attention in Iranian architectural studies. This research seeks to address the following question: How do embodiment and narrative mechanisms interact in two prominent case studies the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art and the Sacred Defense Museum to shape spatial experience and visitor interpretation? Research Objective: The aim of this study is to develop a theoretical–analytical framework for examining the relationship between embodiment and spatial narrativity in Iranian cultural architecture, and to investigate the qualitative differences in visitors’ experiential perceptions across the two selected case studies.Research Method: This research adopts a qualitative interpretive approach and employs comparative analysis. Based on an integrated framework drawing from narratology, semiotics, and embodied phenomenology, the narrative mechanisms of each building are analyzed across three levels: perceptual, motor, and semiotic.Conclusion: The findings indicate that the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, through its looped spatial organization, filtered natural light, and fluid movement rhythm, creates a multilayered and exploratory experience in which the body functions as a producer of meaning. In contrast, the Sacred Defense Museum employs ritualized spatial structure, linear pathways, dramatic lighting, and explicit symbolic articulation to construct a guided and ideological experience in which the body assumes the role of a receiver of meaning**. Analysis based on the NBI model further confirms that the nature of architectural narration in these two museums is fundamentally different. https://bagh-sj.com/article_245779.html Problem Statement: Creativity and innovation are essential components in architectural design education and play a decisive role in generating new ideas and solving complex spatial problems. However, traditional approaches to architectural education often lead to a decline in creativity and the emergence of the "fixation effect," which is a serious barrier to divergent thinking.Research Question or Hypothesis: The current study is based on the premise that the application of Concept-Knowledge (C-K) theory and metaphor-based techniques can lead to a reduction in the cognitive fixation effect and the enhancement of creativity in architectural design education.Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of presenting a hybrid framework to enhance creative architectural design education, based on Concept-Knowledge (C-K) theory and the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET).Methodology: The present study was conducted using a qualitative approach, utilizing the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique in connection with C-K theory. In this process, 10 architecture students used images to represent their mental concepts and unconscious experiences regarding creativity and design limitations. Subsequently, the data was analyzed, and a consensus mental map was extracted to identify the key components of creativity and strategies to counter the fixation effect.Conclusion: The results indicate that the simultaneous use of the C-K framework and metaphorical activities increases students' intellectual freedom, creative energy, divergent thinking, and ability to overcome mental limitations. Furthermore, the intensity of the fixation effect decreased in some participants, paving the way for the formation of more innovative design pathways.Additionally, integrating C-K theory with metaphorical techniques can provide a practical and effective framework for creative architectural design education, playing an effective role in fostering creative thinking and reducing cognitive fixation. https://bagh-sj.com/article_245996.html Problem statement: The quality of the physical space in universities plays an undeniable role in mental health and learning; however, existing evaluation systems often focus on educational dimensions and neglect students' perceptions.Research objectives: The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize the factors, criteria, and indicators of physical space quality based on the perspectives of students at the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran.Research method: This study was conducted using an exploratory mixed-methods design in two qualitative and quantitative phases in 2023-2024. In the qualitative phase, a framework consisting of factors, criteria, and indicators was extracted through semi-structured interviews with 20 students using the inductive qualitative content analysis method. In the quantitative phase, a researcher-made questionnaire based on the qualitative findings was completed by 340 students, and the data were prioritized using the Friedman test.Conclusion: In the qualitative phase, 92 indicators were identified within 10 criteria and 2 main factors (internal and external). In the quantitative phase, the internal space factor (mean: 1.97) was ranked higher in priority than the external space factor. Among the criteria, interior design (mean: 9.87) and the learning environment (mean: 8.78) emerged as the most critical, with the indicators of visual comfort (mean: 89.61) and the suitability of wall colors for relaxation and concentration (mean: 89.33) receiving the highest ratings. The results demonstrated that from the students' perspective, the perception of physical space quality in academic environments of behavioral sciences is intrinsically linked to individuals' subjective experiences and psychological feelings toward the space. This finding highlights the importance of incorporating human-centered and aesthetic dimensions into the physical design of humanities faculties, without necessarily implying that spatial quality is merely a theoretical perceptual-psychological construct. https://bagh-sj.com/article_245997.html Urban visual management in the Tehran metropolis faces complex structural challenges, overlapping institutional duties, stakeholder conflicts, and a dominance of reactive approaches, rendering traditional linear and project-oriented planning ineffective. Aiming to transition from this linear perspective to a systemic approach, this study seeks to elucidate the dynamics governing the future of Tehran's urban aesthetics and formulate robust strategies against uncertainties. To this end, an integrated framework based on the French School of strategic foresight was employed, combining structural analysis (MICMAC), stakeholder analysis (MACTOR), scenario planning (Scenario Wizard), and multi-criteria evaluation (MULTIPOL) utilizing an expert panel. Findings revealed that the system is highly unstable, with key drivers (e.g., sustainable funding and organizational reforms) being institutional rather than physical. Furthermore, power distribution is polycentric, and a hidden divergence among actors pushes the city toward a probable routine and stagnation scenario, whereas knowledge-based and standardization strategies demonstrated greater robustness in critical scenarios compared to mere physical interventions. Consequently, the resilience of the urban landscape requires a paradigm shift from a purely physical design focus to network governance, transforming the responsible organization from a direct executor into a regulator and facilitator. Urban policymakers and managers can utilize these findings to diversify financial models, structurally revise governing bodies, manage conflicts of interest, and develop mandatory design codes. https://bagh-sj.com/article_245998.html Problem Statement: The relationship between architecture and music has often been examined within the framework of formal analogies, sensory metaphors, and structural connections that are either reduced to rhythmic similarities and numerical proportions, or are limited to the aesthetic experience of the audience. The central question of the research is that if architecture and music are both understood in Heidegger's thought as ways of the emergence of truth, what is the relationship between the spatiality of architecture and the temporality of music, and how can this relationship open a new horizon for understanding the nature of art?Research Objective: To examine the relationship between architecture and music at a more fundamental level, within the ontological horizon of Martin Heidegger’s thought, rather than focusing on formal or perceptual similaritiesResearch Method: This research has a qualitative and analytical-interpretive aspect and, in accordance with the nature of the question, is based on the analysis of philosophical texts and a critical rereading of existing interpretations. Therefore, relying on the key concepts of Martin Heidegger’s thought, especially his understanding of temporality, presence, the actuality of the artwork, and the relationship between making and inhabiting, the answer would be obtained.Conclusion: Architecture and music are not simply two arts with different media, but two fundamental ways of realizing being; music as an art whose being unfolds in time, and architecture as one that enables the opening of space, are both understood in relation to the actuality of the work alongside the production process or the experience of the audience. Therefore, their comparison goes beyond the level of analogy only when formulated within the ontological horizon of Heidegger’s thought and with a critical distance from common phenomenological readings. This conclusion can be extended to other arts, because every art represents a way of openness of existence. https://bagh-sj.com/article_246392.html Semantic Transformation of Ghināʾ and the Reconstruction of Its Juristic Subject:An Interdisciplinary Study in Historical Semantics and Islamic Legal TheoryThe longstanding juristic disagreement over ghināʾ (chanting/singing) in Islamic law has typically been attributed to conflicting textual evidence or methodological divergences in legal theory. Such explanations, however, presuppose the stability of the legal subject across historical contexts. This study challenges that assumption by proposing that part of the disagreement stems from a historical transformation in the semantic network of the term ghināʾ itself. Drawing upon diachronic lexical semantics and semantic field theory (Geeraerts, 2010; Traugott & Dasher, 2002), the article reconstructs the historical semantic network of ghināʾ across four discursive layers: pre-Islamic Arabic literature, Qurʾānic and ḥadīth usage, Abbasid musical culture, and classical juristic texts. By analyzing its collocations with terms such as laḥn (melody), ṭarab (ecstasy), lahw (diversion), gatherings, female performers, and rhythmic structures (īqāʿ), the study demonstrates a semantic shift from a descriptive vocal quality to a culturally value-laden performative act, and eventually to a technical juridical category.The findings suggest that part of the juristic disagreement arises from reliance on different layers of this evolving semantic network rather than purely textual contradiction. Furthermore, the study argues that equating ghināʾ with the modern concept of “music” without reconstructing its historical referent results in methodological inconsistency. Beyond the specific case of ghināʾ, the article proposes a theoretical model for analyzing semantically evolving legal subjects within Islamic jurisprudence. https://bagh-sj.com/article_246393.html Problem Statement: Despite the recognized significance of gender justice in urban studies, this concept remains marginal within mainstream development policies. In the Iranian context, existing research has predominantly focused on describing spatial inequalities rather than interrogating the discursive mechanisms inherent in the planning system. The central problem of this research is the lack of a robust conceptual framework for analyzing gender justice in planning documents, alongside the ambiguity regarding its position in urban discourses. Specifically, while “Urban Justice” is frequently invoked as a central nodal point, its boundaries of inclusivity remain ill-defined concerning the lived gendered experiences of citizens and the structural inequalities emerging from them.Research Objective: The primary objective of this study is to formulate a conceptual framework for “Space-Based Gender Justice” and analyze its representation within the discourse of the Fourth Progress Plan of Tehran (2022–2025).Methodology: This study first developed a “Space-Based Gender Justice” framework using an analytical-deductive approach grounded in feminist spatial theories. We then utilized this framework to analyze the discursive articulation of the Fourth Progress Plan—treated as a meaning-producing policy text—by applying the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe.Conclusion: Findings reveal that the Plan’s discourse is structured around “Urban Justice” as a nodal point. However, this is articulated primarily within a physical-distributive framework, emphasizing infrastructure and managerial efficiency. Consequently, core components of space-based gender justice—such as women’s mobility patterns linked to the gendered division of labor, daily public space experiences, and social inclusivity—are largely absent. When mentioned, they are recoded into generic, gender-neutral signifiers like “security” and “family.” Thus, gender justice is not addressed as an independent demand; instead, through discursive mechanisms of de-gendering and marginalization, it is excluded from the “chain of equivalence” of urban justice. This proves that a technocratic-economic paradigm continues to dominate Tehran’s planning, necessitating a https://bagh-sj.com/article_246394.html Problem statement: Over recent decades, environmental crises driven by escalating greenhouse gas emissions have increasingly steered the attention of architects and urban planners toward sustainable design and energy-efficient strategies. Among the emerging innovations in this domain is the integration of microalgae-based photobioreactors into building façades.Research objective: This study aims to evaluate the change in annual energy consumption intensity (kWh/m²) of a commercial building located in the hot-arid climate of Qom by applying a photobioreactor façade system and comparing its performance with that of a reference glass façade.Research method: The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach supported by energy simulation. After reviewing theoretical foundations, relevant photobioreactor technologies, and international case studies, a representative commercial building was modeled. Its annual energy consumption under four façade configurations—single glazing, double glazing, single-skin photobioreactor, and double-skin photobioreactor—was simulated using DesignBuilder software and Qom’s climatic data. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on microalgae suspension transparency, the ventilation rate within the cavity of the double-skin system, and window thermal transmittance.Conclusion: The simulation results demonstrate that replacing conventional glazing with photobioreactor panels—particularly the double-skin configuration—significantly reduces annual energy consumption, decreasing from 272.58 to 175.88 kWh/m². The double-skin system also moderated thermal variations across different orientations. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the energy performance of the double-skin photobioreactor façade is predominantly influenced by microalgae suspension transparency and cavity ventilation rate, whereas variations in the window U value had minimal effect on overall energy consumption. The findings are specific to the climatic conditions of Qom and the modeling assumptions applied in DesignBuilder; therefore, further research is needed to evaluate applicability in other climatic contexts. https://bagh-sj.com/article_246395.html Problem Statement: Social justice, as one of the fundamental concepts in contemporary urban planning theories and approaches, plays a decisive role in shaping the quality of public spaces and residents’ lived experiences. However, a substantial body of previous research has primarily examined spatial justice from physical and distributive perspectives, while paying limited attention to its perceptual, behavioral, and procedural dimensions. This reductionist perspective has consequently narrowed the understanding of social justice in the design of public spaces.Research Objective: This study aims to conceptualize and operationalize the principles of Rawls’s theory of justice within the design of public spaces in residential complexes and to identify the key factors contributing to the realization of spatial, social, and perceptual justice in residents’ lived experiences.Methodology: The research adopted a mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design. In the quantitative phase, 286 questionnaires collected from residents of the Fadak Residential Complex in Urmia were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software through structural equation modeling (SEM). In the qualitative phase, data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, field observations, and residents’ perceptual narratives, and subsequently analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Finally, the quantitative and qualitative findings were integrated during the interpretative stage.Conclusion: The findings indicate that social justice in public spaces is a multidimensional construct emerging from the interaction of physical, social, and perceptual components. The structural model revealed that equitable access and perceived justice exert the strongest influence on the realization of social justice, while sense of place attachment emerged as its socio-emotional outcome. The results further demonstrate that Rawls’s theory of justice can be effectively applied to the design and evaluation of public spaces in residential complexes and may contribute to enhancing urban quality of life and social cohesion. https://bagh-sj.com/article_246419.html Problem Statement:Coffeehouse painting, as a popular artistic movement, transferred art from the exclusive domain of the court and elite classes into the heart of society, playing a significant role in shaping collective consciousness and representing national identity. Nevertheless, the capacities of this school as a discursive medium have received limited in-depth attention in previous studies. The main problem of this research is to elucidate how different components of national identity are constructed and represented in coffeehouse paintings.Research Objective:This study aims to analyze the role of coffeehouse painting in the formation of national identity and to examine its visual mechanisms in interaction with the artistic and cultural currents of its time.Research Method:This research is fundamental–theoretical in nature and employs a descriptive–analytical method. The theoretical framework is based on Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (at the three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation), which is applied purposively to four representative works of this school.Conclusion:Coffeehouse painting functioned beyond mere aesthetic representation and operated as an ideological and discursive act. By rejecting Western and courtly aesthetics and transferring the medium of art into the public sphere, artists of this school generated an alternative identity-based resistance. Through the integration of religious, mythological, and everyday-life signifiers, they consolidated a unified and popular identity in opposition to the dominant discourses of their time. https://bagh-sj.com/article_246728.html Statement of the problem: This research aims to study the ideological effects of one of the important social practices of revolutionary art, namely the Fajr Visual Arts Festival during the period of principlism and the crystallization of its cultural values ​​in the characteristics of contemporary Iranian calligraphy. The importance of this period in the history of Iranian cultural developments is important because of the effort to revive and return to the ideals of the revolution, therefore, the reflection of cultural values ​​in the discursive structures and organization of this event as an important institution of ideological organization and discursive realizations of the festival is evident and valuable. Research objective: The aim of this research is to explain the cultural values ​​emerging from the period of principlism in the works and statements of the Fajr Festival, which led to the organization of this festival as a discursive tool in this period. Research method: This research is developmental in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method of analysis with the Fairclough critical discourse analysis approach. The data were collected through purposeful and non-random sampling from the selected statements, speeches, interviews, documents, and works of this festival, and the statistical population was the selected documents and works of the calligraphy section of the Fajr Visual Arts Festival. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that contemporary calligraphy during this festival not only reflects the identity, cultural, and ideological elements of the fundamentalist period, but also has been used as a discursive tool to consolidate and reproduce cultural and political values. Keywords: Critical discourse analysis, calligraphy, contemporary art, revolutionary art, cultural values https://bagh-sj.com/article_246983.html Problem statement: Recurrent large-scale earthquakes across Turkey have made the temporary resettlement of disaster-affected populations an increasingly urgent challenge. Despite widespread reliance on prefabricated housing in post-disaster contexts, the dwelling experience within these environments extends well beyond physical dimensions. Socio-cultural factors play a considerable role in shaping residents' quality of life and residential satisfaction — dimensions that prior research has largely left underexplored.Research objective: This study examines the socio-cultural components that shape the dwelling experience in post-disaster prefabricated housing, and clarifies how these components influence residential satisfaction and quality of life among occupants.Research method: A qualitative approach grounded in grounded theory was adopted, given the study's aim to understand and interpret residents' lived experiences and narratives of inhabiting post-disaster prefabricated units, as well as to identify the formative processes underlying the socio-cultural dimensions of dwelling. Data were gathered through documentary review, analytical field notes, and semi-structured online interviews conducted with 30 residents of prefabricated units across Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Adıyaman, and Malatya. Purposive sampling guided participant selection, and data were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding procedures.Conclusion: Findings reveal that dwelling experience in post-disaster prefabricated housing is shaped by a constellation of factors — among them neighborly relations, social capital, sense of place attachment, cultural adaptability, and the quality of shared communal spaces. Residents were found to partially offset disaster-induced disruptions through adaptive behaviors and the renegotiation of social ties. Variations in the socio-cultural backgrounds of the studied cities also proved influential in determining both the character of dwelling experience and overall quality of life. Taken together, prefabricated housing functions not merely as temporary shelter, but as a setting in which place identity and social relations are either reconstructed or eroded. Accordingly, socio-cultural considerations must be central to the design and planning of post-disaster settlement programs. https://bagh-sj.com/article_247150.html Problem Statement: Buildings account for approximately one-third of global primary energy consumption. Addressing this challenge has made building energy management a key strategy for improving energy efficiency and reducing consumption. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of building energy management research, with a particular focus on problem-solving approaches in the built environment.Research objectives: This study aims to present findings on energy consumption management, with an emphasis on problem-solving approaches in buildings. Additionally, it seeks to identify emerging trends and recent research directions in this domain.Research method: The keyword "building energy management" was retrieved from the Scopus database, yielding an initial dataset of 1,098 publications between 2019 and 2025. The PRISMA framework was employed for data collection and screening. After removing irrelevant records and applying inclusion criteria, 336 articles were selected for comprehensive analysis. Bibliometric assessment was carried out using co-occurrence, co-authorship, and co-citation analyses. The scientific network mapping was conducted using VOSviewer and the Bibliometrix package within the RStudio environment, and the main thematic expressions in the field were identified through graphical visualization.Conclusion: The results reveal that energy management is strongly linked to concepts such as building thermal performance, sustainability, smart buildings, energy consumption, thermal comfort, natural ventilation, and visual comfort. The publication trend in this field has increased in recent years. China and the United States demonstrate the highest level of collaboration in scientific output. Furthermore, emerging topics such as smart buildings, deep learning, and artificial Intelligence have become increasingly prominent in recent research.Conclusion: This study assists researchers in identifying major problem-solving approaches in building energy management and provides a clearer understanding of current and emerging research trajectories in the field. https://bagh-sj.com/article_247151.html Problem Statement: In recent years, the central and historical areas of cities have faced challenges, including physical deterioration, declining environmental quality, reduced livability, and the gradual departure of residents. These conditions have highlighted the need to understand residents’ perceptions of neighborhood livability and examine their effects on residential satisfaction and neighborhood loyalty to support sustainable urban regeneration.Research Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate residents’ perceptions of livability in Shahrood’s central neighborhoods, explain its effects on residential satisfaction and neighborhood loyalty, identify environmental improvement priorities, and examine the mediating role of residential satisfaction in strengthening residents’ loyalty.Research Method: The study combined Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Data were collected through a researcher-made five-point Likert questionnaire from 384 residents of central neighborhoods surrounding the historic bazaar of Shahrood. IPA identified intervention priorities, while SEM tested the direct and indirect relationships among perceived importance, perceived performance, residential satisfaction, and neighborhood loyalty.Conclusion: The results showed that, despite performance deficiencies in some livability dimensions, especially social aspects, spatial quality, and the built environment, residents’ loyalty exceeded residential satisfaction, indicating strong emotional and social ties. Perceived livability performance had a significant direct effect on residential satisfaction (β = 0.56), while residential satisfaction strengthened the relationship between perceived performance and neighborhood loyalty (β = 0.89). IPA identified security against crime, social cohesion and participation, street lighting, safety for women and children, and visual appeal of building facades as the highest intervention priorities. Overall, the findings emphasize human-centered environmental and social interventions to enhance satisfaction, strengthen loyalty, increase residential stability, and support sustainable regeneration of central neighborhoods.