An Analysis of Influential Factors in Developing a Sense of Place Attachment (Case Study: Tajrish Bazaar)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Architecture, South Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, School of Architecture, University College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, South Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Problem statement: Today, the lack of attention to the human and place components and the dependence of the life of contemporary commercial centers on economic conditions have caused the following issues: a decrease in individual presence, the lack of customer loyalty, loss of place attachment, and absence of people in shopping centers; which adversely influenced the continuity of these urban centers. Therefore, identifying and discovering those factors that improve attachment to bazaar space can contribute to improving emotional and spiritual conditions for urban residents, and increasing the efficiency of commercial centers.
Research objective: This study aims to find the influential factors playing a role in developing a sense of a place attachment to the bazaar and to achieve the relationship between the effective components in the Tajrish Bazaar as the research objective.
Research method: To achieve the goals of the research, a combination of qualitative-quantitative methods was used, and the effectiveness of factors on place attachment was examined through the causal-comparative strategy. Throughout the process, the theories on place attachment and factors affecting this sense of dependency were first gathered through document-based and bibliographic research methods. Next, relying on the results of the content analysis, the conceptual model of the research was proposed. According to the data obtained from the qualitative phase, a questionnaire developed by the researcher was distributed among the participants including shopkeepers, customers, and passers-by in Tajrish Bazaar. The data was then analyzed through the statistical tests of SPSS 26.
Conclusion: The results revealed that place, human, and time components are among those influential components in creating a sense of place attachment, and there was a significant relationship between these factors and place attachment. The data analyses showed that, among the place components, the place physical factors, and, among the human components, the perceptual factors were the most effective ones in creating a sense of attachment to the bazaar. Memorability and identity were among the perceptual factors that had the most significant relationship with the place and among the place physical factors, accessibility with the highest effect, and form and structure accordingly were the next significant factors.

Keywords


Baba Y. & Austin, D.M. (1989). Neighbourhood environmental satisfaction, victimization, and social participation as determinants of perceived neighbourhood safety. Environment and Behaviour, 21, 763-780.
Bonaiuto, M., Aiello, A., Perugini, M., Bonnes, M. & Ercolani, A.P. (1999). Multidimensional environment quality and neighbourhood attachment. Urban Environment, 19(4), 331-352.
Bonaiuto, M., Fornara, F. & Bonnes, M. (2002). Indexes of perceived residential environment quality and neighborhood attachment in urban environments: a confirmation study on the city of Rome. Landscape and Urban Planning, 65(1-2), 1-12.
Breakwell, G.M. (1988). Strategies Adopted when Identity is Threaten. London: Metheun .
Brown, B. B. & Werner, C. M. (1985). Social cohesiveness, territoriality and holiday decorations. Environmen and Behaviour, 17(5), 539-565.
Cantril, J.G. (1998). The environmental self and a sense of place: Communication foundation for regional ecosystem management. Applied Communication Research, 26(3), 301-318.
Charkhchian, M. (2009). An Analytical Study of Factors Affecting Increased Attachment to Public Spaces of the City with Emphasis on Activity Diversity (Unpublished Ph.D Thesis in Architecture). University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Cohen, Y.S. & Shinar, A. (1985). Neighborhoods and friendship networks: a study of three residential neighborhoods in Jerusalem. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Daneshpour, S., Sepehri Moqaddam, M. & Charkhchian, M. (2009). Explanation to “Place Attachment” And investigation of its effective factors. HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA (MEMARY-VA-SHAHRSAZI), 1(38), 37-48.
Documentation and Research Center of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University. (1999). Ganjnameh, Book 3: The Religious Buildings of Tehran. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University, Documentation and Research Center of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning.
Doh, M. (2006). Change Through Tourism: Resident Perceptions of Tourism Development (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). A&M University, Texas.
Eisenhauer, B.W., Krannich, R. S. & Blahan, D. J. (2000). Attachments to special places on public lands: An analysis of activities, reason for attachments, and community connection. Socity and Natural Resources, 13(5), 421-441.
Fried, M. (1963). Grieving for a lost home. In: L. J. Duhl (Ed.), The Urban Condition: People and Policy in the Metropolis. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Ghazizadeh, S.N. (2011). The Effect of Open Spaces in Residential Complexes to Create Sense of Place (Case Study: Selected Residential Complexes in Tehran) (Unpublished Ph.D Thesis). University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Gifford, R. (2002). Environmental Psychology: Principles and Practice. Canada: Optimal Books.
Green, S. B. (1991). How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis. Multivariate behavioral research, 26(3), 499-510.
Habibi, S.M. (1999). Urban space, event-oriented life, and collective memory. Soffeh, 9(28), 16-21.
Halpenny, E. A. (2010). Pro-environmental behaviors and park visitors: the effect of place attachmen”. Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 409-421.
Hashas, Mi. H. (2004). Residents’Attachment to New Urbanist versus Conventional Suburban Developments (Unpublished Ph.D Thesis). College of Design, North Carolina State University.
Hashempour, R. (2005). Bazaar va jaygah-e ejtemaee-ye aan [Bazaar and its social status (Qazvin Bazaar)]. Darvazeh-ye Behesht, 6(19), 31-44.
Heidari, A., Amirhajlou, E., Karkhaneh, M. & Ahmadifard, N. (2013). The Quality Assessment of Public Spaces in the Urban Landscape. Armanshahr, 6(11), 323-335.
Heidari, A., Motalebi, Q. & Moradian, S. (2018). Investigation of the place attachment to three scales of home, neighborhood, and city (case study: Shiraz City).  HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA (MEMARI-VA-SHAHRSAZI), 23(3), 95-106.
Hidalgo, M. C. & Hernandez, B. (2001). Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions. Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 273-281.
Hummon, D. (1992). Community Attachment: Local Sentiment and Sense of Place. In: I. Altman & S.M. Low (Eds.), Place Attachment. New York: Plenum.
Kyle, G., Graefe, A., Manning, R. & Bacon, J. (2004). Effects of place attachment on users’ perceptions of social and environmental conditions in a natural setting. Environmental Psychology, 24(2), 213-225.
Lalli, M. (1992). Urban related identity: Theory, measurement and empirical findings. Environmental Psychology, 12(4), 285–303.
Lennard, S.CH. & Lennard, H.L. (1984). Public life in urban places. Southampton: Godlier.
Lewicka, M. (2005). LewickaWays to make people active: The role of place attachment, cultural capital, and neighbourhood ties. Environmental Psychology, 25(4), 381–395.
Low, S.M. & Altman, I. (1992). Place Attachment: A Conceptual Inquiry. In: Altman I., Low S.M. (eds.), Place Attachment. Human Behavior and Environment (Advances in Theory and Research), vol 12, Boston, MA: Springer.
Manzo, L. C. (2005). For better or worse: exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning. Environmental Psychology, 25, 67-86.
Manzo, L. C. & Devine-Wright, P. (2014). Place Attachment: Advances in Theory, Methods and Applications. London & New York: Routledge.
Marcus, C. C. & Sarkissian, W. (1986). Housing as if People Mattered. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Marcus, C.C. (1992). Environmental Memories. In I. Altman, S.M. Low (eds.), Place Attachment. Human Behavior and Environment (Advances in Theory and Research), vol 12. Boston, MA: Springer.
Marris P. (2003). The Politics of Uncertainty: attachment in private and public life. New York: Routledge.
Mesch, G. S. & Manor, O. (1998). Social ties, environmental perception, and local attachment. Environment and behavior, 30(4), 504-519.
Oswald, F. & Wahl, H.W. (2001). Housing in old age: conceptual remarks and empirical data on place attachment. IAPS Bulletin of People- Environment Studies, 19, 7-11.
Pakzad, J. (2009). An Intellectual History of Urbanism. (V. 3). Tehran: Shahidi.
Pakzad, J. (2010). An Intellectual History of Urbanism: From Space to Place. Tehran: Armanshahr.
Pretty, G., Chipuer, H. M. & Bramston, P. (2003). Sense of place among adolescence and adults in two rural Australian towns: The discriminating features of place attachment, sense of community and place dependence in relation to place identity. Environmental Psychology, 23(3), 273- 287.
Qian, J.; Zhu, H. & Liu, Y. (2011). Investigating urban migrantssense of place through a multi-scalar perspective. Environmental Psychology, 31(2), 170-183.
Rapoport, A. (1982). The Meaning of the Built Environment. Beverly Hill: Sage.
Raymond, C. M., Brown, G. & Weber, D. (2010). The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections. Environmental Psychology, 30, 422–434.
Regnier, V. & Pynoos, J. (1987). Housing the aged: Design directives and policy Consideration. New York: Appleton & Lange.
Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness. London: Pion Limited.
Riger, S. & Lavrakas, P.J. (1981). Community ties: Patterns of attachment and social interaction in urban neighborhoods. Community Psychology, 9, 5-66.
Riley, R. (1992). Attachment to the Ordinary Landscape. In I. Altman, SM Low (Eds.), Place Attachment. New York, Plenum Press.
Rivlin, L. (1987). The neighborhood, personal identity and group affiliation. In: I. Altman & A. Wandersman (Eds.), Neighborhood and Community Environments. New York: Plenum Press.
Rohe, W. M. & Stegman, M. A. (1994). “The impact of home ownership on the social and political involvement of low-income people”. Urban Affairs, 30(1), 152-172.
Rosenberg, M. J. & Hovland, C. I. (1960). Cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of attitudes. In: C. I. Hovland & M. J. Rosenberg (Eds.), Attitude Organization and Change: An Analysis of Consistency among Attitude Components. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp.1-14.
Rubinstein, R.L & Parmelee, P.A. (1992). Attachment to place and representation of the life course by the elderly. In: I. Altman, S. M. Low (Eds.), Place Attachment. New York, Plenum Press.
Sajjadzadeh, H. (2013). Role of Place Attachment in Making Identity for Urban Squares (A Case Study: Avicenna Square, Hamedan).  Bagh-e Nazar, 10(25), 69-78.
Scannell, L. & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining Place Attachment: A Tripartite Organizing Framework. Environmental Psychology, (30), 1-10.
Shahcheraghi, A. & Bandarabad, A. (2015). Surrounded in Environment: The Application of environmental psychology in architecture and urban planning. Tehran:ACECR
Shamai, S. (1991). Sense of place: An empirical measurement. Geoforum, 3(22), 347-358.
Stedman, R.C. (2003). Is it really a social construction? The contribution of physical environment to Sense of place. Society and Natural Resources, 16(8), 671-685.
Stokols, D. & Shumaker, S. A. (1981). People in places: A transactional view of settings. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tafakkor, S., Shahـcheraghi, A. & Habib, F. (2020). Comparative Study of the Architecture of the Tajrish Historical Bazaar and Arg Shopping Center: a Synomorphy Theory Approach. JIAS, 8(16), 105-131.
Taylor, R. B., Gottfredson, S. D. & Brower, S. (1985). Attachment to place: Discriminant validity, and impacts of disorder and diversity. Community Psychology, 13(5), 525-542.
Tuan, Y. F. (1974). Topophilia. Englewood Cliffs: Prentiss-Hall.
Tuan, Y.F. (1979). Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective. In: S. Gale, G. Olsson (eds.), Philosophy in Geography. Theory and Decision Library (An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences), vol 20. Dordrecht: Springer.
Twigger-Ross, C. L. & Uzzell, D. L. (1996). Place and identity processes. Environmental Psychology, 16, 205-220.
Waxman, L. (2006). The Coffee Shop: Social and Physical Factors Influencing Place Attachment. Interior Design, 31(3), 35-53.
Williams, D.R. &Vaske, J.J (2003). The measurement of place attachment: Validity and generalizability of a psychometric approach. Forest Science, 49(6), 830-840.
Wirth, T. V., Gret-Regamey, A., Moser, C. & Stauffacher, M. (2016). Exploring the influence of perceived urban change on residents’ place attachment. Environmental Psychology, 46, 67–82.
Woldoff, R.A. (2002). The Effects of Local Stressors on Neighborhood Attachment. Social Forces, 81(1), 87-116.