Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC) The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar 1735-9635 21 130 2024 03 20 Explanation of the historical dynamic analysis model of business trips with a focus on Safavid era caravanserais Explanation of the historical dynamic analysis model of business trips with a focus on Safavid era caravanserais 5 18 188116 10.22034/bagh.2023.390051.5351 FA Zahra Hasibi Department of Architecture, Kish international Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran. 0009-0008-1658-2654 Reza Afhami Department of Architecture, Kish international Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran. Department of Art studies, Faculty of Art, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-7678-6164 Jaleh Sabernejad Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8119-0760 Journal Article 2023 03 15 Problem statement: Caravanserais are among the most important types of historical architecture that have played a major role in trade. Among the main uses of Caravanserais, we can mention security about trips, temporary accommodation for passers-by, storage of goods for merchants, and taking care of their animals along their routes. Many researchers have paid attention to caravansaries structure, unless expanding cliodynamics in historical analysis, it wasn’t possible to find proportions between physical features of caravansaries and social behaviors about caravansaries. So this research tries to answer the current question: how can the physical spaces of Caravanserais influence preferences of business trips? Research objective: Therefore, the present article aims to propose a mathematical method that estimates business trip potentials relevant to caravansaries physical features. Research method: This research is descriptive analysis method, using the library study and quantitative analysis. Also, in a case study, a quasi-experimental strategy was used with 3D simulations in 3D Max software and volumetric analysis in Rhino software. Within this context, an explanation of a formula, which has been tested in 16 case studies and 14 simulated trips. Conclusion: The results of this research have led to the explanation that Isfahan city in the Safavid era was the main destination of business trips, and the Kerman city was the origin of trips that lead to Isfahan. On the other hand, by paying more attention to the Silk Roadways, it became clear that the trade ring flowed from today’s Pakistan to Isfahan, and from this city to the northwest, northeast, and south of Iran. Problem statement: Caravanserais are among the most important types of historical architecture that have played a major role in trade. Among the main uses of Caravanserais, we can mention security about trips, temporary accommodation for passers-by, storage of goods for merchants, and taking care of their animals along their routes. Many researchers have paid attention to caravansaries structure, unless expanding cliodynamics in historical analysis, it wasn’t possible to find proportions between physical features of caravansaries and social behaviors about caravansaries. So this research tries to answer the current question: how can the physical spaces of Caravanserais influence preferences of business trips? Research objective: Therefore, the present article aims to propose a mathematical method that estimates business trip potentials relevant to caravansaries physical features. Research method: This research is descriptive analysis method, using the library study and quantitative analysis. Also, in a case study, a quasi-experimental strategy was used with 3D simulations in 3D Max software and volumetric analysis in Rhino software. Within this context, an explanation of a formula, which has been tested in 16 case studies and 14 simulated trips. Conclusion: The results of this research have led to the explanation that Isfahan city in the Safavid era was the main destination of business trips, and the Kerman city was the origin of trips that lead to Isfahan. On the other hand, by paying more attention to the Silk Roadways, it became clear that the trade ring flowed from today’s Pakistan to Isfahan, and from this city to the northwest, northeast, and south of Iran.

https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_188116_5a68775910f7648979d65f39acf28f19.pdf

Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC) The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar 1735-9635 21 130 2024 03 20 Perception of Pir Shaliar’s Pouse Prchitecture Based on Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenological approach Perception of Pir Shaliar’s Pouse Prchitecture Based on Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenological approach 19 34 184095 10.22034/bagh.2023.395708.5373 FA Mohammad Dana Salem Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Mariwan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mariwan, Iran. 0000-0002-1586-8967 Sara Jalalian Department of Architecture, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran. 0000-0002-7155-3054 Manouchehr Foroutan 2. Department of Architecture, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran. Salman Mardokhi M.A. Student in Architecture, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran. Journal Article 2023 05 08 Problem statement: Creation and criticism in architectural discourse are theory-oriented; Theories are also often visually oriented. The perception and lived experience of architecture have given its place to scientific experience with theories; It seems that the perception of architecture is clear and easily available. On the other hand, the same perception is not much appreciated in theories and sciences. Is the lived experience of architecture easily and clearly accessible? Is it not possible to deal with architecture without theories and consider a place for the lived experience of architecture? Is it only vision that should be considered in architecture or do other senses also play a role? Research objective: The phenomenological investigation of the bodily perception of architecture in the form of a case study of Pir Shaliar’s house is the purpose of this research. Research method: Phenomenology, both as a method and as a philosophy, is based on lived experience. This research is phenomenological and is included in the category of qualitative research; Qualitative-descriptive and according to Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology, she described and used Peter Zumthor’s concepts and categories to categorize the descriptions. Conclusion: The findings show the diversity of architectural experience based on lived experience. Experiences that, although understood and experienced, are often ignored or not expressed; Either the theory precedes the experience or basically they do not value such experiences and consider them outside the scope of architecture. This research showed that the senses other than vision play a role in the experience of architecture and how Pir Shaliar’s house is experienced through different senses and creates a unique atmosphere. How in perception, the logic of choosing materials, their composition, and arrangement shows itself. The findings of this research have implications for theorists and architects who are concerned with creating comprehensive and complete experiences of architecture. Problem statement: Creation and criticism in architectural discourse are theory-oriented; Theories are also often visually oriented. The perception and lived experience of architecture have given its place to scientific experience with theories; It seems that the perception of architecture is clear and easily available. On the other hand, the same perception is not much appreciated in theories and sciences. Is the lived experience of architecture easily and clearly accessible? Is it not possible to deal with architecture without theories and consider a place for the lived experience of architecture? Is it only vision that should be considered in architecture or do other senses also play a role? Research objective: The phenomenological investigation of the bodily perception of architecture in the form of a case study of Pir Shaliar’s house is the purpose of this research. Research method: Phenomenology, both as a method and as a philosophy, is based on lived experience. This research is phenomenological and is included in the category of qualitative research; Qualitative-descriptive and according to Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology, she described and used Peter Zumthor’s concepts and categories to categorize the descriptions. Conclusion: The findings show the diversity of architectural experience based on lived experience. Experiences that, although understood and experienced, are often ignored or not expressed; Either the theory precedes the experience or basically they do not value such experiences and consider them outside the scope of architecture. This research showed that the senses other than vision play a role in the experience of architecture and how Pir Shaliar’s house is experienced through different senses and creates a unique atmosphere. How in perception, the logic of choosing materials, their composition, and arrangement shows itself. The findings of this research have implications for theorists and architects who are concerned with creating comprehensive and complete experiences of architecture.

https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_184095_185f90b7257d06531fa9c3a4d4de9fb9.pdf

Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC) The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar 1735-9635 21 130 2024 03 20 Using Local Components of Territory to Increase the Social Interactions in the Navab Residential Complex Using Local Components of Territory to Increase the Social Interactions in the Navab Residential Complex 35 44 185456 10.22034/bagh.2023.323090.5089 FA Mohammad Mahdi Shabani Ph.D. Candidate in Architecture, Nazar Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Amir Mansouri Associate Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-2865-6859 Nasser Barati Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. Journal Article 2022 01 10 Problem statement: From the very beginning of the construction of high-rise buildings, social interactions have been considered a critical and effective component. However, when it comes to the construction of affordable buildings, the lack of attention to this component causes social anomalies and social disorders to increase. Research objective: The purpose of this study is to explain the territorial components extracted from the Iranian neighborhood as a mechanism that can increase social interactions in affordable high-rise residential buildings. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to answer whether the Navab Complex has employed these local components of territory and how much they are preferred by the residents. Research method: Many researchers believe that the concept of territory is influenced by time and culture. So, this paper uses analytical and descriptive methods to extract the components of local territory as the cultural form of Iranian habitation. In the next step, the extracted components will be asked of the residents of the Navab residential complex in a questionnaire form. Conclusion: Considering the outcomes of the research analyzing the social interactions in Navab, the satisfaction level of residents toward the social interactions was reported as below average. By examining the achieved components of the territory, very few percent of residents were satisfied with the current situation of their territory; however, many of them were keen to utilize these components in their space. About social interactions, although few people were content with the current state, a significant number showed interest in boosting the interactions. In the meantime, two components of ownership and centrality were considered much less tangible and visible by the participants. Problem statement: From the very beginning of the construction of high-rise buildings, social interactions have been considered a critical and effective component. However, when it comes to the construction of affordable buildings, the lack of attention to this component causes social anomalies and social disorders to increase. Research objective: The purpose of this study is to explain the territorial components extracted from the Iranian neighborhood as a mechanism that can increase social interactions in affordable high-rise residential buildings. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to answer whether the Navab Complex has employed these local components of territory and how much they are preferred by the residents. Research method: Many researchers believe that the concept of territory is influenced by time and culture. So, this paper uses analytical and descriptive methods to extract the components of local territory as the cultural form of Iranian habitation. In the next step, the extracted components will be asked of the residents of the Navab residential complex in a questionnaire form. Conclusion: Considering the outcomes of the research analyzing the social interactions in Navab, the satisfaction level of residents toward the social interactions was reported as below average. By examining the achieved components of the territory, very few percent of residents were satisfied with the current situation of their territory; however, many of them were keen to utilize these components in their space. About social interactions, although few people were content with the current state, a significant number showed interest in boosting the interactions. In the meantime, two components of ownership and centrality were considered much less tangible and visible by the participants.

https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_185456_1c735f36927ae67006a20de79ec54794.pdf

Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC) The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar 1735-9635 21 130 2024 03 20 In the Seeking of the Imagination from the Wisdom Perspective and Its Role in Iranian Art and Architecture In the Seeking of the Imagination from the Wisdom Perspective and Its Role in Iranian Art and Architecture 45 60 188118 10.22034/bagh.2024.398725.5379 FA Saeid Ghasemi Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran. Khosro Sahaf Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran. Navid Jalaeian Ghane Ph.D. Candidate of Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Iran. 0000-0001-9209-9148 Journal Article 2023 05 27 Problem statement: Imagination is one of the themes that have always been the focus of Iranian sages and philosophers, to the extent that without knowing the role of imagination, it is not possible to achieve a correct analysis of the manifestations of wisdom in Iranian architecture. The problem is that in many studies, researchers seek to understand works without considering Iranian wisdom and insight which are the basis of Iranian art and architecture. The understanding of Iranian architecture focused on Western philosophy, not only does not lead us to a correct understanding but also misrepresents it. Research objective: Therefore, we seek to understand the concept of imagination from the Iranian wisdom perspective and its role in Iranian art and architecture, to achieve a correct understanding of the place and role of imagination and its impact in different parts of Iranian architecture. For this purpose, we attempt to investigate the place of imagination (theology, anthropology, and cosmology) based on wisdom, then discuss the conjunctive and disjunctive imagination and their characteristics, and finally, the role of imagination will be described around the two main pillars in the formation and reading of artwork or architecture, that is, the artist (the architect) and the audience of the work. Research method: Therefore, this article is theoretically based on Iranian wisdom. The research design is qualitative and the research method is descriptive-analytical with a logical strategy. Conclusion: In the conclusion based on the opinions of sages, the four principles of “regeneration of truth”, “sum of opposites”, “reflection of the truth” and “architecture, always endless” are based on imagination in Iranian art and architecture, and then the artistic and architectural models of these four principles are proposed and their examples will be presented. Problem statement: Imagination is one of the themes that have always been the focus of Iranian sages and philosophers, to the extent that without knowing the role of imagination, it is not possible to achieve a correct analysis of the manifestations of wisdom in Iranian architecture. The problem is that in many studies, researchers seek to understand works without considering Iranian wisdom and insight which are the basis of Iranian art and architecture. The understanding of Iranian architecture focused on Western philosophy, not only does not lead us to a correct understanding but also misrepresents it. Research objective: Therefore, we seek to understand the concept of imagination from the Iranian wisdom perspective and its role in Iranian art and architecture, to achieve a correct understanding of the place and role of imagination and its impact in different parts of Iranian architecture. For this purpose, we attempt to investigate the place of imagination (theology, anthropology, and cosmology) based on wisdom, then discuss the conjunctive and disjunctive imagination and their characteristics, and finally, the role of imagination will be described around the two main pillars in the formation and reading of artwork or architecture, that is, the artist (the architect) and the audience of the work. Research method: Therefore, this article is theoretically based on Iranian wisdom. The research design is qualitative and the research method is descriptive-analytical with a logical strategy. Conclusion: In the conclusion based on the opinions of sages, the four principles of “regeneration of truth”, “sum of opposites”, “reflection of the truth” and “architecture, always endless” are based on imagination in Iranian art and architecture, and then the artistic and architectural models of these four principles are proposed and their examples will be presented.

https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_188118_1a9f8baf8e0c2c9e3fc7f78a0ce13890.pdf

Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC) The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar 1735-9635 21 130 2024 03 20 The Effect of Sense of Community on the Formation of Behavior Settings (Case Study: Ritual Public Spaces of Tabriz) The Effect of Sense of Community on the Formation of Behavior Settings (Case Study: Ritual Public Spaces of Tabriz) 61 76 188119 10.22034/bagh.2024.392773.5365 FA Minou Gharehbaglou‎ Full Professor, Faculty of Architecture & Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic ‎Art University, Iran. 0000-0003-2639-2906 Abbas Ghaffari Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture & Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic ‎Art University, Iran.‎ Raana Cenmar Asl Ph.D. Candidate in Architecture. Faculty of Architecture & Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic ‎Art University, Iran. 0000-0002-9107-0631 Journal Article 2023 04 19 Problem Statement: As environments with meaningful roles that are harmonic with the community, behavior settings are of great importance in enhancing the living environment quality. Additionally, a sense of community in individuals is a human and identity-related factor in the field of environmental design, which can be achieved through personal behavior, as well as the cultural state of a society to depict similar links and perceptions among individuals. Therefore, obtaining a clear meaning of an environment, on the one hand, and analyzing the sense of community indices in affecting the behavior-milieu synomorphy1 , on the other hand, is the key to understanding a behavior setting and forming an environment harmonic with the community. Research Objective: The present paper seeks to answer how behavior-milieu synomorphy in a behavior setting is influenced by a sense of community components, to identify and examine the role of a sense of community in forming behavior settings. Research Method: This is a retroduction-based applied study. Consistent with this strategy, the theoretical model was achieved through data collection and literature review with a qualitative approach and reference to desk research; experiential analysis and explication were also conducted on the model during the field. Conclusion: According to the research results, synomorphy in the ritual public spaces of Tabriz is effectively influenced by social and mental conditions components related to lifespan, upstream perception, and social issues. Additionally, environmental features and transpersonal factors (upstream perception and similar perception to others) act as criteria for determining the sense of community in public spaces. The extent of correlation between the sense of community and synomorphy forming behavior settings shows that the sense of community acts as a human presence catalyst and a basic element in increasing the factors affecting harmony and synomorphy in the environment. In other words, the sense of community has a significant effect on the formation of behavior settings. Problem Statement: As environments with meaningful roles that are harmonic with the community, behavior settings are of great importance in enhancing the living environment quality. Additionally, a sense of community in individuals is a human and identity-related factor in the field of environmental design, which can be achieved through personal behavior, as well as the cultural state of a society to depict similar links and perceptions among individuals. Therefore, obtaining a clear meaning of an environment, on the one hand, and analyzing the sense of community indices in affecting the behavior-milieu synomorphy1 , on the other hand, is the key to understanding a behavior setting and forming an environment harmonic with the community. Research Objective: The present paper seeks to answer how behavior-milieu synomorphy in a behavior setting is influenced by a sense of community components, to identify and examine the role of a sense of community in forming behavior settings. Research Method: This is a retroduction-based applied study. Consistent with this strategy, the theoretical model was achieved through data collection and literature review with a qualitative approach and reference to desk research; experiential analysis and explication were also conducted on the model during the field. Conclusion: According to the research results, synomorphy in the ritual public spaces of Tabriz is effectively influenced by social and mental conditions components related to lifespan, upstream perception, and social issues. Additionally, environmental features and transpersonal factors (upstream perception and similar perception to others) act as criteria for determining the sense of community in public spaces. The extent of correlation between the sense of community and synomorphy forming behavior settings shows that the sense of community acts as a human presence catalyst and a basic element in increasing the factors affecting harmony and synomorphy in the environment. In other words, the sense of community has a significant effect on the formation of behavior settings.

https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_188119_c1ae34ae8859852f0e5015000c5232d0.pdf

Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC) The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar 1735-9635 21 130 2024 03 20 Learning from Ambiguous Drawings: The Role of Design Tasks in Improving the Effect of Ambiguous Drawings on Students’ Design Ideation Learning from Ambiguous Drawings: The Role of Design Tasks in Improving the Effect of Ambiguous Drawings on Students’ Design Ideation 77 86 188120 10.22034/bagh.2024.414766.5446 FA Mohammad Ali Ashraf Ganjouei Assistant Professor, Saba Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. 0000-0003-3566-4686 Mohammad Iranmanesh Assistant Professor, Saba Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. 0000-0001-9138-2419 Journal Article 2023 09 05 Problem statement: Ambiguous drawings play a significant role in design education, and it has been extensively studied in previous literature. The present research seeks to explore the effects of design tasks on using ambiguous drawings. Research objective: The purpose of research is to enhance idea generation in students, especially novice students (second-year students) through the assistance of design tasks. Research method: In this experimental study, second-year architecture students engaged in three design sessions, each with distinct tasks and instructions involving ambiguous drawings. In the first session, ambiguous drawings were used as a source of inspiration, in the second as a design solution, and in the third, those drawings were incorporated to serve as a part of the design solution. Design ideas from the students were assessed by three judges, and scores related to novelty and quality were subjected to statistical analysis using the analysis of variance. The study’s findings were then compared and analyzed in the context of existing research. Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated that the use of ambiguous drawings in design tasks led to an improvement in the quality of design ideas among students. This positive impact was particularly notable in relation to enhancing the functional aspects of design ideas and convergent thinking. It also extended the results of previous research, especially in terms of the effectiveness of ambiguous drawings on the ideation of novice students. Additionally, the influence of the design tasks, along with other factors, on the ideation of students when using ambiguous images was deeply explored and discussed. Problem statement: Ambiguous drawings play a significant role in design education, and it has been extensively studied in previous literature. The present research seeks to explore the effects of design tasks on using ambiguous drawings. Research objective: The purpose of research is to enhance idea generation in students, especially novice students (second-year students) through the assistance of design tasks. Research method: In this experimental study, second-year architecture students engaged in three design sessions, each with distinct tasks and instructions involving ambiguous drawings. In the first session, ambiguous drawings were used as a source of inspiration, in the second as a design solution, and in the third, those drawings were incorporated to serve as a part of the design solution. Design ideas from the students were assessed by three judges, and scores related to novelty and quality were subjected to statistical analysis using the analysis of variance. The study’s findings were then compared and analyzed in the context of existing research. Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated that the use of ambiguous drawings in design tasks led to an improvement in the quality of design ideas among students. This positive impact was particularly notable in relation to enhancing the functional aspects of design ideas and convergent thinking. It also extended the results of previous research, especially in terms of the effectiveness of ambiguous drawings on the ideation of novice students. Additionally, the influence of the design tasks, along with other factors, on the ideation of students when using ambiguous images was deeply explored and discussed.

https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_188120_791064685142cf05d22d6dfc6f0a3a9b.pdf