Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC) The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar 1735-9635 20 123 2023 08 23 An Analysis of the Most Important Influential Components of Globalization on Public Spaces An Analysis of the Most Important Influential Components of Globalization on Public Spaces 5 18 174101 10.22034/bagh.2023.345415.5202 FA Zahra Foroutan Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Architecture & Urbanism, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. Manouchehr Tabibian Professor, School of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2022 06 06 Problem statement: Globalization is an ongoing process whose effects on cities and their micro spaces have not been specified yet. Globalization makes the actions and evolutions in one part of the world affect the other parts. In the contemporary globalized world, where the local (and somehow closed) community has changed to a trans-local, global, or local-global one, many indicators affect our urban life. Therefore, this process is observed with its special dimensions and indicators in the public space arena (both physically and behaviorally). Research Objective:The present study aims to analyze the most influential components on public spaces and examin how globalization impacts on citizen behavioral patterns in public spaces. Research method:To answer the above questions, the most important effective dimensions of globalization in public spaces have been specified with a macro, critical view, by using the meta-analysis method. The expert questionnaire and statistical analysis have been used to evaluate the reliability and normal distribution of data (with SPSS version 26). The ranking of the components was done by the Fuzzy Delphi method. Conclusion: The conclusions show that globalization affects the behavioral patterns of contemporary man indirectly, due to its effect on the most important aspects of life. Information technology has catalyzed this by changing the spiritual frontiers in the resultant of three behavioral aspects (necessary, social, and optional) and has made inevitable effects on both two qualitative dimensions of urban space. Virtual communication is the continuous flow of information, values, and according to their effect on public spaces. Therefore, technology development and its subsequent information and communication revolution have had the most effect on urban public spaces during globalization. This in turn clarifies considering the mentioned indicators while designing public spaces in a globalized world. Conclusion: The conclusions show that globalization affects the behavioural patterns of contemporary man indirectly, due to its effect on the most important aspects of life. The information technology has catalyzed this by changing the spiritual frontiers in the resultant of three behavioural aspects (necessary, social and optional) and has had inevitable effects on both two qualitative dimensions of urban space. Virtual communication, the continuous flow of information, values and according to their effect on public spaces. There for, technology development and its subsequent information and communication revolution has had the most effect on urban public spaces during globalization. This in turn clarifies considering the mentioned indicators while designing public spaces in a globalized world. Problem statement: Globalization is an ongoing process whose effects on cities and their micro spaces have not been specified yet. Globalization makes the actions and evolutions in one part of the world affect the other parts. In the contemporary globalized world, where the local (and somehow closed) community has changed to a trans-local, global, or local-global one, many indicators affect our urban life. Therefore, this process is observed with its special dimensions and indicators in the public space arena (both physically and behaviorally). Research Objective:The present study aims to analyze the most influential components on public spaces and examin how globalization impacts on citizen behavioral patterns in public spaces. Research method:To answer the above questions, the most important effective dimensions of globalization in public spaces have been specified with a macro, critical view, by using the meta-analysis method. The expert questionnaire and statistical analysis have been used to evaluate the reliability and normal distribution of data (with SPSS version 26). The ranking of the components was done by the Fuzzy Delphi method. Conclusion: The conclusions show that globalization affects the behavioral patterns of contemporary man indirectly, due to its effect on the most important aspects of life. Information technology has catalyzed this by changing the spiritual frontiers in the resultant of three behavioral aspects (necessary, social, and optional) and has made inevitable effects on both two qualitative dimensions of urban space. Virtual communication is the continuous flow of information, values, and according to their effect on public spaces. Therefore, technology development and its subsequent information and communication revolution have had the most effect on urban public spaces during globalization. This in turn clarifies considering the mentioned indicators while designing public spaces in a globalized world. Conclusion: The conclusions show that globalization affects the behavioural patterns of contemporary man indirectly, due to its effect on the most important aspects of life. The information technology has catalyzed this by changing the spiritual frontiers in the resultant of three behavioural aspects (necessary, social and optional) and has had inevitable effects on both two qualitative dimensions of urban space. Virtual communication, the continuous flow of information, values and according to their effect on public spaces. There for, technology development and its subsequent information and communication revolution has had the most effect on urban public spaces during globalization. This in turn clarifies considering the mentioned indicators while designing public spaces in a globalized world.

https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_174101_acd5abbf50be09b7532c21fc6963feb5.pdf

Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC) The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar 1735-9635 20 123 2023 08 23 An Analysis of the Human image in Iran’s Surrealist Posters An Analysis of the Human image in Iran’s Surrealist Posters 19 30 174102 10.22034/bagh.2023.328143.5171 FA Mahsa Hoshyar Khoshdel Master Student, Department of Graphic Design, Faculty of Art, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Mitra Manavirad Associate Professor, Department of Graphic Design, Faculty of Art, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-8676-5976 Journal Article 2022 04 19 Issue expression: Human image context in Iran's surrealist posters and knowing their designers point of view in ideation, the structure of present study with assumption of creating new images of human as a modern connection way with audience has established. Research aims: The purpose of this article is to study human image in Iranian's surrealist posters and interpretation the indexes of expression in their ideation. Research method: Utilizing the descriptive-analytical way in the analysis direction of statistical society of this research, the indexes ideation of those Iran's surrealist posters kind that has been created based on the human image and most of the distinguished instances in 1989 till 2019 period of solar hijri time that has been printed, examines in the terms of structural and content. Abstract Problem statement: The concept of the human image in Iran’s surrealist posters and the recognition of the attitude of its designers from the perspective of ideation, has established the structure of the present study which is based on the assumption of creating new images of humans as a new way of communication with the audience. Research objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the human image in Iranian surrealist posters and interpret the indicators of expression in their ideation. Research method: Using the descriptive-analytical method to analyze the statistical population, this study examines the indicators of ideation in those Iranian surrealist posters that were created based on the human image in terms of structure and content, the most prominent examples of which were published between 1989 to 2019. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the surrealistic use of human images has been the focus of Iranian artists since ancient times. Consequently, it can be considered that the impacts on modern visual expression in Iran’s surrealistic posters are derived from this view of Iranian artists. The posters, which are often illustrated with various techniques and have a high visual appeal, have emerged in a dreamy way and an innovative combination of visual factors. Therefore, due to their conceptual nature, their understanding of the audience depends on the influence of the works on their inner feelings. Issue expression: Human image context in Iran's surrealist posters and knowing their designers point of view in ideation, the structure of present study with assumption of creating new images of human as a modern connection way with audience has established. Research aims: The purpose of this article is to study human image in Iranian's surrealist posters and interpretation the indexes of expression in their ideation. Research method: Utilizing the descriptive-analytical way in the analysis direction of statistical society of this research, the indexes ideation of those Iran's surrealist posters kind that has been created based on the human image and most of the distinguished instances in 1989 till 2019 period of solar hijri time that has been printed, examines in the terms of structural and content. Abstract Problem statement: The concept of the human image in Iran’s surrealist posters and the recognition of the attitude of its designers from the perspective of ideation, has established the structure of the present study which is based on the assumption of creating new images of humans as a new way of communication with the audience. Research objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the human image in Iranian surrealist posters and interpret the indicators of expression in their ideation. Research method: Using the descriptive-analytical method to analyze the statistical population, this study examines the indicators of ideation in those Iranian surrealist posters that were created based on the human image in terms of structure and content, the most prominent examples of which were published between 1989 to 2019. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the surrealistic use of human images has been the focus of Iranian artists since ancient times. Consequently, it can be considered that the impacts on modern visual expression in Iran’s surrealistic posters are derived from this view of Iranian artists. The posters, which are often illustrated with various techniques and have a high visual appeal, have emerged in a dreamy way and an innovative combination of visual factors. Therefore, due to their conceptual nature, their understanding of the audience depends on the influence of the works on their inner feelings.

https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_174102_06fb7978ff23b83f339ebc747b29ecbb.pdf

Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC) The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar 1735-9635 20 123 2023 08 23 The Use of the Spatial Arrangement Method for the Hierarchy of Entry in the Houses of Tehran Over the Late Qajar and the First Pahlavi Eras with Emphasis on Privacy The Use of the Spatial Arrangement Method for the Hierarchy of Entry in the Houses of Tehran Over the Late Qajar and the First Pahlavi Eras with Emphasis on Privacy 31 42 174103 10.22034/bagh.2023.352847.5232 FA Javaher Kooti Department Of Architecture,Central Tehran Branch,Islamic Azad University,Tehran,Iran Jaleh Sabernejad Department of Architecture, Art & Architecture Faculty, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8119-0760 Mehrdad Matin Department of Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2022 07 25 Abstract Problem statement: The Iranian concept of ‘home’ goes beyond the physical aspects and is intertwined with the spiritual characteristics of the audience. In the structure of traditional Iranian houses, the design of the small spaces of the house has been based on the needs of the residents, and these needs have influenced the spatial relationships of the house. Investigating the entrance hierarchy in traditional Iranian houses leads to a better understanding of its design principles for contemporary houses. Research objective: This study attempts to investigate the spatial structure of the entrance in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi traditional houses to extract the most important factors affecting the quality of the entrance through the space arrangement technique. What items are important and practical for the analysis and configuration of the entrance space so that they can answer the residents’ need for psychological and identity security? Research method: In the first step, after selecting and examining 8 houses from two different periods, in the next step, the selected samples were analyzed using the space arrangement technique and by DEPTH-MAP software. This method is based on the use of graphs that describe the relationships between spaces through concepts such as connection, depth, integration, selection, and control. Conclusion: it shows that the structure of traditional houses provides better solutions in the field of entry hierarchy and deprivation, and the spaces around the entrance, especially the courtyard, play a communicative role in the entry system. This study shows that the entrance and its spatial relationships respond to human needs. The two periods in question are the most important physical factors in the Qajar houses and the Pahlavi period, which has analyzed these spaces to achieve the issue of deprivation, which is one of their basic foundations. Abstract Problem statement: The Iranian concept of ‘home’ goes beyond the physical aspects and is intertwined with the spiritual characteristics of the audience. In the structure of traditional Iranian houses, the design of the small spaces of the house has been based on the needs of the residents, and these needs have influenced the spatial relationships of the house. Investigating the entrance hierarchy in traditional Iranian houses leads to a better understanding of its design principles for contemporary houses. Research objective: This study attempts to investigate the spatial structure of the entrance in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi traditional houses to extract the most important factors affecting the quality of the entrance through the space arrangement technique. What items are important and practical for the analysis and configuration of the entrance space so that they can answer the residents’ need for psychological and identity security? Research method: In the first step, after selecting and examining 8 houses from two different periods, in the next step, the selected samples were analyzed using the space arrangement technique and by DEPTH-MAP software. This method is based on the use of graphs that describe the relationships between spaces through concepts such as connection, depth, integration, selection, and control. Conclusion: it shows that the structure of traditional houses provides better solutions in the field of entry hierarchy and deprivation, and the spaces around the entrance, especially the courtyard, play a communicative role in the entry system. This study shows that the entrance and its spatial relationships respond to human needs. The two periods in question are the most important physical factors in the Qajar houses and the Pahlavi period, which has analyzed these spaces to achieve the issue of deprivation, which is one of their basic foundations.

https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_174103_9b9351c27e459574626ab42217f43eb6.pdf

Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC) The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar 1735-9635 20 123 2023 08 23 Regeneration of Herat’s Chaharbagh Street to Promote its Place Identity Regeneration of Herat’s Chaharbagh Street to Promote its Place Identity 43 54 174104 10.22034/bagh.2023.332189.5141 FA Fawad Ghafoori Master Student in Urban Design, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 0000-0002-5118-8870 Iman Ghalandarin Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 0000-0002-6860-2601 Journal Article 2022 03 05 respond to users’ needs is essential. With the advent of the second wave of urban development in developing countries, part of urban fabrics affected by modernist interventions has changed and metamorphosed to the point that they have lost their meaning and function, consequently leading to the degradation of biological values and weakening of the identity of the place. With this continuing trend and the lack of attention to the background, these neighborhoods are being transformed into places devoid of meaning and identity fathomable by citizens. Research objective: This study aims to extract the quality components of urban streets systematically by formulating the process of regenerating urban streets with a focus on promoting identity and analyzing Chaharbagh Street to propose complementary interventions to further promote its identity. Research method: This study used a mixed approach using the descriptive-analytical method. Triangulation was used to strengthen the research and increase the validity of the findings. The focus group method and a public questionnaire were used to collect the data. The data from the focus group were analyzed using coding, and the data from the questionnaire were analyzed using the Friedman method and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS. Conclusion: The theoretical results revealed essential components of urban streets: access, spatial continuity, safety, and security, inclusiveness, and social mixing, quality of the public space, enclosure and transparency, diversity, mixed land uses, and supporting stakeholders. Modifying accessibility and adjusting the size of urban blocks and mixed land uses, designing urban furniture, and strengthening citizens’ perceptions of space (by increasing legibility, the proportion of new forms, and spatial unity) can improve the identity of Chaharbagh Street in Herat. Research objective:The present research tries to extract the components of urban street environment quality through a methodical study so that in addition to recognizing and analyzing Chaharbagh Street, it can provide suggestions for directing physical interventions with the aim of promoting identity. Research Method:This research has been done with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach and using a descriptive-analytical method. In order to strengthen the research and further validate of the findings, Triangulation Sampling was used.Center group method and popular questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis from the center group was performed using coding analysis method and data obtained from the questionnaire was performed using Friedman method, Pearson correlation coefficient and SPSS. Conclusion:The results indicate that basically the most important components of urban streets for researchers are access,spatial continuity, safety, security,inclusion, social mixing, quality of public space, confinement, transparency, diversity, mixing of land uses. and supporting stakeholders,improving access and adjusting the size of urban blocks, strengthening citizens' perception of space (by increasing readability fit of new forms and spatial unity),diversityو mixing of land use and design of urban furniture are some of the measures that promote identity. respond to users’ needs is essential. With the advent of the second wave of urban development in developing countries, part of urban fabrics affected by modernist interventions has changed and metamorphosed to the point that they have lost their meaning and function, consequently leading to the degradation of biological values and weakening of the identity of the place. With this continuing trend and the lack of attention to the background, these neighborhoods are being transformed into places devoid of meaning and identity fathomable by citizens. Research objective: This study aims to extract the quality components of urban streets systematically by formulating the process of regenerating urban streets with a focus on promoting identity and analyzing Chaharbagh Street to propose complementary interventions to further promote its identity. Research method: This study used a mixed approach using the descriptive-analytical method. Triangulation was used to strengthen the research and increase the validity of the findings. The focus group method and a public questionnaire were used to collect the data. The data from the focus group were analyzed using coding, and the data from the questionnaire were analyzed using the Friedman method and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS. Conclusion: The theoretical results revealed essential components of urban streets: access, spatial continuity, safety, and security, inclusiveness, and social mixing, quality of the public space, enclosure and transparency, diversity, mixed land uses, and supporting stakeholders. Modifying accessibility and adjusting the size of urban blocks and mixed land uses, designing urban furniture, and strengthening citizens’ perceptions of space (by increasing legibility, the proportion of new forms, and spatial unity) can improve the identity of Chaharbagh Street in Herat. Research objective:The present research tries to extract the components of urban street environment quality through a methodical study so that in addition to recognizing and analyzing Chaharbagh Street, it can provide suggestions for directing physical interventions with the aim of promoting identity. Research Method:This research has been done with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach and using a descriptive-analytical method. In order to strengthen the research and further validate of the findings, Triangulation Sampling was used.Center group method and popular questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis from the center group was performed using coding analysis method and data obtained from the questionnaire was performed using Friedman method, Pearson correlation coefficient and SPSS. Conclusion:The results indicate that basically the most important components of urban streets for researchers are access,spatial continuity, safety, security,inclusion, social mixing, quality of public space, confinement, transparency, diversity, mixing of land uses. and supporting stakeholders,improving access and adjusting the size of urban blocks, strengthening citizens' perception of space (by increasing readability fit of new forms and spatial unity),diversityو mixing of land use and design of urban furniture are some of the measures that promote identity.

https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_174104_f8d0d2013685b486da1c53761741b920.pdf

Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC) The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar 1735-9635 20 123 2023 08 23 An Investigation of the Architectural Development of Classroom Design in Iranian Primary Schools Based on Modern Teaching Methods (2001-2021) An Investigation of the Architectural Development of Classroom Design in Iranian Primary Schools Based on Modern Teaching Methods (2001-2021) 55 66 174105 10.22034/bagh.2023.343495.5195 FA ZahraSahar Yamin Mardoukhi Department of Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Hossein Soltanzadeh Department of Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-3974-5205 Shooka Khoshbakht Bahramani Department of Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2022 05 28 Abstract Problem statement: Children are required to continuously experience and learn, and the space of classrooms should be able to govern the sensory and mental powers of students and improve their learning ability. The research question addresses the shape and design of the elementary classroom and its effect on the quality of teaching methods to determine the most appropriate one. Research objective: The study aims to investigate the current classroom environment of elementary schools and its influence on the quality of modern educational methods in Iran. Research method: This is descriptive-analytical research using the content analysis method to analyze the data from library resources, and interviews from the field. The sample included four primary schools in Tehran during the years 2001–2021. The theoretical foundation of the study also points to the influence of spatial design and the shape of the classroom on teaching methods. Conclusion: According to the results, the elementary classrooms in Iran during the years 2001-2021 have had square and rectangular shapes with vertical and linear directions; the teaching methods in these classes are mostly based on individual, lecture, and discussion methods, which among them, group discussion is considered as the most appropriate one. But unfortunately, due to the linear and axial position of tables, benches, and other equipment in elementary classrooms, this method is not often used by teachers, and the two other individual and lecture methods are more applicable. Moreover, classroom furniture, as one of the architectural components of the classroom, had a significant influence on education. Therefore, it can be concluded that the geometrical shape and the space layout of elementary school classes have a significant role in improving the quality of teaching methods to choose the best one. Abstract Problem statement: Children are required to continuously experience and learn, and the space of classrooms should be able to govern the sensory and mental powers of students and improve their learning ability. The research question addresses the shape and design of the elementary classroom and its effect on the quality of teaching methods to determine the most appropriate one. Research objective: The study aims to investigate the current classroom environment of elementary schools and its influence on the quality of modern educational methods in Iran. Research method: This is descriptive-analytical research using the content analysis method to analyze the data from library resources, and interviews from the field. The sample included four primary schools in Tehran during the years 2001–2021. The theoretical foundation of the study also points to the influence of spatial design and the shape of the classroom on teaching methods. Conclusion: According to the results, the elementary classrooms in Iran during the years 2001-2021 have had square and rectangular shapes with vertical and linear directions; the teaching methods in these classes are mostly based on individual, lecture, and discussion methods, which among them, group discussion is considered as the most appropriate one. But unfortunately, due to the linear and axial position of tables, benches, and other equipment in elementary classrooms, this method is not often used by teachers, and the two other individual and lecture methods are more applicable. Moreover, classroom furniture, as one of the architectural components of the classroom, had a significant influence on education. Therefore, it can be concluded that the geometrical shape and the space layout of elementary school classes have a significant role in improving the quality of teaching methods to choose the best one.

https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_174105_ba0f3fc52fd179626a7835dd2790191d.pdf

Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC) The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar 1735-9635 20 123 2023 08 23 The Effect of Discipline-Based Art Education Package on Aesthetic Perception Growth of 7-9 Year Old Children The Effect of Discipline-Based Art Education Package on Aesthetic Perception Growth of 7-9 Year Old Children 67 80 174106 10.22034/bagh.2023.343299.5203 FA Faezeh Davari Master of Art Research, Faculty of Research Excellence in Art and Enterpreneurship, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Parisa Darouei Assistant Professor, Department of Visual Communication, Faculty of Visual Arts, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Journal Article 2022 06 05 Abstract Problem statement: using art education programs –compiled with defined goals and appropriate approaches would make a positive influence on children. On one hand, it could help them to receive continually the beauties and wonders of the universe to which the art is a suitable implement for this perception growth and promotion. On the other hand, discipline-based art education can be effective in designing educational programs with this goal, focusing on artworks; hence, the research question is what effect does the educational package designed with a discipline-based approach have on children’s perception of aesthetics? Research objective: to evaluate the effect of an educational package compiled based on the discipline-based approach on the aesthetic perception of children from 7 to 9 in Isfahan city. Research method: In terms of purpose, it is practical and in terms of method it is mixed. At first, the educational program was designed with a qualitative method of exploratory type with a discipline-based approach, and then to evaluate the effect of this program with a quantitative method of semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design, using Pearson’s Aesthetic Test (which was designed based on Parsons’ Aesthetic Evolution), was conducted on 10 children aged 7 to 9 years. Children were randomly selected and participated in the research. The intervention program was conducted for 12 training sessions, each session lasting 90 minutes. The obtained data were analyzed by paired t-test mean statistical method. Conclusion: The statistical findings show that there is a significant difference between the children’s performance in the pre-test and post-test stages (p<0.01) and it can be concluded that the present educational program affects growing children’s aesthetic perception. Abstract Problem statement: using art education programs –compiled with defined goals and appropriate approaches would make a positive influence on children. On one hand, it could help them to receive continually the beauties and wonders of the universe to which the art is a suitable implement for this perception growth and promotion. On the other hand, discipline-based art education can be effective in designing educational programs with this goal, focusing on artworks; hence, the research question is what effect does the educational package designed with a discipline-based approach have on children’s perception of aesthetics? Research objective: to evaluate the effect of an educational package compiled based on the discipline-based approach on the aesthetic perception of children from 7 to 9 in Isfahan city. Research method: In terms of purpose, it is practical and in terms of method it is mixed. At first, the educational program was designed with a qualitative method of exploratory type with a discipline-based approach, and then to evaluate the effect of this program with a quantitative method of semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design, using Pearson’s Aesthetic Test (which was designed based on Parsons’ Aesthetic Evolution), was conducted on 10 children aged 7 to 9 years. Children were randomly selected and participated in the research. The intervention program was conducted for 12 training sessions, each session lasting 90 minutes. The obtained data were analyzed by paired t-test mean statistical method. Conclusion: The statistical findings show that there is a significant difference between the children’s performance in the pre-test and post-test stages (p<0.01) and it can be concluded that the present educational program affects growing children’s aesthetic perception.

https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_174106_b0bea97a5224b69ff8fba228aabe099c.pdf