Tolerance; a Spiritual Strategy or a Strategic Spirituality in Development of Creative Tourism

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. candidate in Tourism Management, University of Science and Culture.

2 Assistant Professor, University of Science and Culture. Corresponding author

Abstract

The idea of creative city was presented and emphasized internationally after the introduction of the infill growth patterns focusing on local culture and creativity. Florida, a prominent theorists of the "Creative City", crystalizes three factors of tolerance, talent and technology1  into the main characteristics of the creative city through which the creative city will succeed. Among these three factors, tolerance play a more substantial and strategic role, since the presence of talent and technology is satisfied in case tolerance is adopted. Florida believes that an open-minded and tolerant culture is the major reason for the city’s new economic success.
Creative tourism, as the third generation of tourisms, is characterized by the sophistication of tourists and their desire for having diverse experiences on the one hand; and, it is inevitably applauded in tourist destinations since no huge investments is required to highlight culture, local customs, and the unique characteristics of cities on the other hand. Creative tourism is a process that is undoubtedly necessary and appropriate for city development.
This paper aims at scrutinizing the strategic role of tolerance in this process. Creative and supply-based, destination-based and activity-based tourism in the context of the creative city should inevitably ensure tolerance, as the most important spiritual component of the creative city, in order to flourish human talents in a favorable ambience and lead to technology production. In this way, local communities will enjoy the benefits of development and prosperity. Having used a descriptive-analytic research method, the current study shows that tolerance is a spiritual strategy for the development of creative tourism. Tolerance can be realized in the context of the creative city where creative tourism and creative city will benefit from each other. It is also determined that tolerance is highlighted in the quadruple sources of spirituality.

Keywords


Asghari, M. J. (2016). Comrade and Tolerance in the Tradition of the Prophet [refgh va modara dar sire Payambare Azam", http://www.payamemuhammad.ir/content/. accessed 15 November 2017.
Bastenegar, M., Hasani, A.& Khakzar Bafruee, M. (2017). The Design of Creative Tourism Conceptual Model. Journal of Tourism and Development, 5 (11): 81-108.
Florida, R. L. (2005). Cities and the creative class. London: Routledge.
Ghaffarnejad, R.& Dinmohammadi, H. (2015). Dialogue, Tolerance and Mentality in the 4th and 6th Book of Masnavi [goftegoomandi, tasahol va modara dar daftare chaharom va sheshome masnavi]". Master’s dissertation,Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Literature and Humanities.
Ghorbani, R., Hosseinabadi, S. & Turani, A. (2013). Creative Cities, A Cultural Approach to Urban Development, Geographical Studies in Arid Regions [shahrhaye khalagh, rooykardi farhandi dar tose shahri, motaleate goghrafiyayi manateghe khoshk], 3 (11): 1-11.
Haji Hosseini, H., Ashtari, H.& Mahdnejad, H. (2014). "Creative City; Substantial Explanation [shahre khallagh; tabyine mahavi]". second International Conference and forth National Conference of Architecture, Civil and Urban Environment. March
Kadivar, M. (2015). Gheshrigari va khoshoonat, balaye ayine payambare rahmat [Racism and Violence, the disaster to the religion of the Prophet of Mercy]". Iranian Cultural Foundation-Houston.
Kian T., Far K. &  Bang L.(2013) . A Model of ‘Creative Experience’ in Creative Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, 2(2): 174_153. 
Kim H. (2013). The concept and strategy of creative tourism. Policy of Korean Tourism, Summer: 8-20. Available from: https://www.fthm.uniri.hr/files/Kongresi/THI/Papers/2014/THI_May2014_507to517.pdf. accessed 5 November 2017.
Landry, C. (2006). The art of city_making. London: Earthscan.
Lee J. & Lee H. (2015). Deriving Strategic Priority of Policies for Creative Tourism Industry in Korea using AHP , Information Technology and Quantitative Management (ITQM 2015), 1877-0509 © Published by Elsevier B.V. . Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050915014933 (accessed 5 November 2017)
Mommas, H. (2004). Cultural cluster and the post-industrial city: Towards the remapping of urban culturalpolicy. Urban Studies, (41): 507–532.
Mahdavi, N. (2016). From the collection of unpublished lectures.
Malekian, M. (2002), "mana va anvae din [Meaning and Religion Types]". Journal of Motaleate rahbordi, (15).Available from: http://www.neeloofar.org/mostafamalekian/lecture/306-2012-11-02-10-33-31.html. accessed 15 November 2017.
Malekain, M. (2009). Sonnatgarayi, tajaddodgarayi, Pasatajaddodgarayi [Traditionalism, modernism, postmodernism]" session 10. Lessons learned at Sharif University of Technology during 1999-2001.
Malekain, M. (2013). Iman va ta’aghol [Faith and reason]. Available from: http://ketabnak.com/book/57609/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84-2-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3-%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C.  accessed 15 November 2017.
Malekain, M. (2010). Hadise arezumand [The Hadith of Dreams]. Tehran: negahe moaser.
Malekain, M. (2015). Marefat shenasi bavare dini [Epistemology of religious belief]. Available from: https://3danet.ir/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86/434-min . accessed 15 November 2017.
Mojahedi, M. M., (2016). Is There Toleration in Islam?"Reframing a Post-Islamist Question in a Post-Secular Context, ReOrient, 2 (1): 51-72. Pluto Journals Stable. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/reorient.2.1.0051 Accessed 16-10-2017.
Mohaddesi, J. (2012). Aasangiri va modara jozve fazayel ast [Easing and tolerance are considered virtues]’. Available from: http://www.askdin.com/archive/index.php/t-19858.html. accessed 15 November 2017
Pratt, A. C. (2010). Creative cities: Tensions within and between social, cultural and  economic development, A critical reading of the UK experience. City, Culture and Society, 1 (1): 10–13.
Raymond, C. (2007). Creative Tourism New Zealand: The practical challenges of developing creative tourism. In: G. Richards & J. Wilson (Eds.),Tourism,creativity and development (pp. 145– 157). London: Routledge.
REIS,  A.C.  &  KAGEYAMA,  P .(2009). Creative  City  Perspectives,   1st  Edition, Garimpo  de Soluções, São Paulo, 12-20. Available from: http://garimpodesolucoes.com.br/o-que-fazemos/cidades-criativas-perspectivas-3/. accessed 15 November 2017.
Richards, G.; Wilson, J. (2007). Tourism Development Trajectories: From Culture to Creativity?. in Richards, G.; Wilson, J. (Eds.). Tourism, Creativity and Development. London, New York: Routledge.
Richards,  G. (2008). Creative  Tourism  and Local  Development,  in  Rebecca wurzburger. Tom  Aageson,  Alex  Pattakos  and  Sabrina  Pratt (eds.)  Creative  Tourism,  A  Global  Conversation, Sunstonepress, Santa Fé. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Creative-Tourism-Conversation-Rebecca-Wurzburger/dp/086. accessed 15 November 2017.
Richards, G. & Palmer, R. (2010). Eventful cities, cultural  management  and  urban  revitalization. Butterworth-Heinemann, UK. Available from: https://www.amazon.com/Eventful-Cities-Greg-Richards/dp/075066987X. accessed 15 November 2017.
Richard G. (2011), Creativity and tourism: The state of the art. Annals of Tourism Research, 38 (4): 1225-1265.
Richards G. & Marques L. (2012). Exploring Creative Tourism: Editors Introduction. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice,  4 (2): 1-11.
Richards, G. (2014). Creativity and tourism in the city. Tourism, 17 (2): 119-144, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2013.783794. accessed 15 November 2017.
Sasaki, M .(2010). Urban regeneration through creativity and social inclusion: Rethinking creative city theory through a Japanese case study. Cities, (27): S3–S9.
Sasaki, M. (2001). The Challenges for Creative Cities. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Teresa, M. (2010). Fernández Fernández, More than sun, beach and heritage: innovating Mediterranean tourism through creative tourism. Interactions, co-operation, competitiveness and economic development,  Rey Juan Carlos University (Madrid, Spain). Available from: http://reser.net.afna.si/materiali/priloge/slo/fernandez_t.pdf. accessed 15 November 2017.
UNESCO. (2006). UNESCO Creative Cities Network (2006) Towards Sustainable Strategies for Creative Tourism: Discussion Report of the Planning Meeting for 2008 International Conference on Creative Tourism Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A. October 25-27, 2006. Available from: http://portal.unesco.org/culture/fr/files/34633/11848588553oct2006_meeting_report.pdf/oct2006_meeting_report.pdf . accessed 15 November 2017.
Voss, c.  (2004). Trends  in  the experience  and  Service  Economy: The  Experience  Profit  Cycle, London School of Economics, Professor of Operations Management Senior Fellow  Advanced Institute of Management Research. Available from:    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242274223. accessed 15 November 2017.