مروری بر تأثیرات مؤلفه‌های کالبدی فضای داخلی معماری بر هیجانات با تأکید بر معماری عصب‌محور

نوع مقاله : مقالۀ مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری ﻣﻌﻣﺎری، ﮔروه ﻣﻌﻣﺎری، واﺣد مشهد، داﻧﺷﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ، مشهد، اﯾران.

2 استادیار گروه معماری، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

4 اﺳﺗﺎدﯾﺎر، ﮔروه ﻣﻌﻣﺎری، واﺣد مشهد، داﻧﺷﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ، مشهد، اﯾران.

5 استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات علوم اعصاب، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. استادیار، گروه علوم اعصاب، دانشکدۀ پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

چکیده
بیان مسئله: سلامت روان در سال‌های اخیر و در رشته‌های مختلف مورد توجه بسیار واقع شده است. یکی از پارامترهای سلامت روان هیجان است که تحت تأثیر عوامل مختلف محیطی، اجتماعی، شناختی و حرکتی قرار دارد. فضای معماری به‌عنوان یکی از مؤلفه‌های مهم محیطی بر هیجان تأثیرگذار بوده و اثرات نوروفیزیولوژیکی بر مغز انسان می‌گذارد. از آن‌جا که انسان زمان زیادی را در فضای داخلی معماری می‌گذارند، این اهمیت دو چندان می‌شود. با وجود اهمیت فراوان این موضوع تاکنون تحقیقات کمی در معماری صورت گرفته است، همچنین اکثر تحقیقات از روش‌های کیفی مصاحبه، مشاهده و پرسش‌نامه استفاده کرده‌اند که به دلیل تأثیرگذاری نگارنده امکان جهت‌گیری در نتایج وجود داشته است. اما با پیشرفت تکنولوژی و ظهور رشتة علوم اعصاب، ابزارها و روش‌های کمی نوینی جهت اندازه‌گیری هیجان در اختیار محققان قرار گرفته و باعث شکل‌گیری پارادایم نوین معماری عصب‌محور شده است. لذا پژوهش حاضر بر آن است تا اطلاعاتی که در رابطه با تأثیر مؤلفه‌های کالبدی فضای داخلی معماری بر هیجان را  که  از علوم نوین معماری عصب‌محور استفاده کرده‌اند، بررسی کند.
هدف پژوهش: هدف پژوهش حاضر مروری بر مطالعات صورت گرفته در این زمینه است تا علاوه بر شفاف‌سازی تأثیر فضای داخلی معماری بر هیجان، روش‌شناسی مطالعات نیز تحلیل شود و مسیری مشخص برای محققان آینده فراهم کند. بنابراین سؤالات پژوهش حاضر این گونه قابل بیان است: کدام مؤلفه‌های کالبدی فضای داخلی معماری بر هیجان تأثیرگذار هستند؟ قرار گرفتن در معرض آن‌ها چه تأثیری بر هیجان عصبی فیزیولوژیکی داشته است؟ و این هیجانات چگونه بروز می‌کند؟
روش پژوهش: پژوهش حاضر از روش تحقیق مرور سیستماتیک بهره گرفته است. در این راستا معیارهای ورود که شامل، کلمات کلیدی، متغیرهای سنجش، ابزارهای سنجش و سال انتشار را مشخص کرده است، پایگاه داده‌های مطالعات، نحوة انتخاب مطالعات، ارزیابی کیفیت مطالعات نیز تعریف شده و مطالعات نهایی از این طریق معرفی و تحلیل شده است.
نتیجهگیری: نتایج حاکی از تأثیر معیارهای کالبدی فضای داخلی از جمله فرم، مصالح و بافت، مبلمان، ارتفاع سقف، جزئیات معماری و بازشو به طبیعت بر هیجان است که هریک به صورت یکی از حالات هیجان و احساساتی همچون، لذت، خوشایندی، برانگیختگی و انزجار بروز کرده است. پژوهش حاضر دریچه‌ای به موضوع سلامت روان است که زمینه‌ای در جهت بهره‌گیری از فضای داخلی معماری به منزلة نوعی درمان یا پیشگیری را معرفی می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

A review of the Effects of the Physical Components of the Interior Space of Architecture on Emotions with an Emphasis on Neuroarchitecture

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahbubeh Zamani 1
  • Mehran kheirollahi 2
  • Mohammad Javad Asghari Ebrahim Abad 3
  • Hasan Rezaee 4
  • Farzaneh Vafaee 5
1 Ph.D. Student of Architecture, Art and Architecture Faculty, Mashhad branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
5 Assistant Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Assistant Professor, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Problem statement: Mental health has received a lot of attention in recent years from various fields. One of the parameters of mental health is emotion, which has been influenced by various environmental, social, cognitive, and motor factors. Architectural space as one of the important environmental components has an impact on emotion and has neurophysiological effects on the human brain. Since humans spend a lot of time in the interior of architecture, it has doubled in importance. Despite the great importance of this issue, little research has been done in architecture so far, and most of the research has used qualitative methods of interview, observation, and questionnaire, which, due to the influence of the author, there has been a possibility of orientation in the results. Nevertheless, with the advancement of technology and the emergence of the field of neuroscience, new quantitative tools and methods have been provided to researchers to measure emotion, and it has led to the formation of a new paradigm of neuroarchitecture.
Research Objectives: The present research aims to review the studies conducted in this field so that in addition to clarifying the effect of interior architecture on emotion, the methodology of the studies is also analyzed and provides a clear path for future researchers. Therefore, the present research questions can be expressed as follows: Which physical components of the interior space of architecture affect emotion? What effect has their exposure had on neurophysiological emotion? And how do these emotions appear?
Research Method: The present research employed the systematic review methodology. In this regard, the inclusion criteria such as terms, measurement variables, measuring instruments, and publication date were defined. The way of searching databases of studies, selecting and assessing their qualities were defined, and the final studies were introduced and analyzed.
Conclusion: The results indicate the effect of the physical parameters of the interior space such as form, materials and texture, furniture, ceiling height, architectural details, and openness to nature on emotion, each of which is one of the emotional states and feelings such as enjoy, pleasure, arousal, and disgust have appeared. The present research is a window to the issue of mental health, which introduces a field for using the interior space of architecture as a type of treatment or prevention.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Systematic review
  • Emotion
  • Physical components
  • Interior space
  • Neuroarchitecture
AIWH. (2018). Mental health services in Australia, summary of mental health services in Australia. Australian institute of health and welfare.
Aftanas, L. I., Varlamov, A. A., Pavlov, S. V., Makhnev, V. P.& Reva, N. V. (2001). Affective picture processing: event-related synchronization within individually defined human theta band is modulated by valence dimension. Neuroscience Letters, 303(2), 115–118.
Aftanas, L. I., Varlamov, A. A., Pavlov, S. V., Makhnev, V. P. & Reva, N. V. (2002). Time-dependent cortical asymmetries induced by emotional arousal: EEG analysis of event-related synchronization and desynchronization in individually defined frequency bands. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 44(1), 67–82.
Aftanas, L. I., Reva, N. V., Varlamov, A. A., Pavlov, S. V. & Makhnev, V. P. (2004). Analysis of Evoked EEG Synchronization and Desynchronization in Conditions of Emotional Activation in Humans: Temporal and Topographic Characteristics. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 34(8), 859–867.
Altman, I. & Wohlwill, J. F. (1976). Human behavior and environment: Advances in theory and research. New York: Plenum Press.
Al-Ayash, A., Kane, R. T., Smith, D. & Green-Armytage, P. (2015). The influence of color on student emotion, heart rate, and performance in learning environments. Color Res., (42), 196–205.
Arnheim, R. (2004). Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye. Berkeley: University of California.
ANFA. (2003). History of ANFA. Retrieved Jul 7, 2018 from http://anfarch.org/about- 2/history/.
ANFA. (2005A). Mapping Memory of Space & Place. Report on the 2005 Workshop on Neuroscience & Health Care Architecture. ANFA, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
ANFA. (2005B). Neuroscience & The Architecture of Spiritual Spaces. ANFA, Columbus, OH, USA.
Arbib, M. A. (2015). Toward a Neuroscience of the Design Process. In S. Robinson & J. Pallasmaa (Eds.), Mind in Architecture: Neuroscience, Embodiment, and the Future of Design. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Azzazy, S., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., GhaffarianHoseini, A., Naismith, N. & Doborjeh, Z. (2021). A critical review on the impact of built environment on users’ measured brain activity. Archit. Sci. Rev, (64), 319–335.
Bacevice, P. A. & Ducao, A. (2022). Use of biometric data and EEG to assess architectural quality of two office spaces: a pilot experiment. Intelligent Buildings International14(4), 433-454.
Bagozzi, R. P. (1991). The role of psychophysiology in consumer research: In T. S. Robertson & H. H. Kassarjian (Eds.), Handbook of Consumer Behavior. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.
Banaei, M., Yazdanfar, A., Hatami, J., & Gramann, K. (2017). Walking through architectural spaces: The impact of interior forms on human brain dynamics. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, (11), 477.
Barrett, L. F. (2017). How Emotions are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Boston: Mariner Books.
Bateson, J. E. & Hui, M. K. (1992). The ecological validity of photographic slides and videotapes in simulating the service setting. Journal of Consumer Research19(2), 271-281.
Banasiak, M. (2012). Cultivating a culture for Neuro-Architecture. In Proceedings of the ANFA Conference—Poster Session; Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture. La Jolla, CA, USA.
Barker, E. (1978). Sociology. Group Analysis, 11(2), 173–180.
Bekkedal, M. Y. V., Rossi, J. & Panksepp, J. (2011). Human brain EEG indices of emotions: Delineating responses to affective vocalizations by measuring frontal theta event-related synchronization. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(9), 1959–1970.
Bluyssen, P. M. (2010). Towards New Methods and Ways to Create Healthy and Comfortable Buildings. Building and Environment, 45 (4), 808–818.
Bradley, M. M., Greenwald, M. K., Petry, M. C. & Lang, P. J. (1992). Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18 (2), 379–390.
Breedlove, S. M. & Watson, N. V. (2019). Behavioral Neuroscience. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Boubekri, M. (2008). Daylighting, Architecture and Health: Building Design Strategies. Architectural Press.
Boto, E., Holmes, N., Leggett, J., Roberts, G., Shah, V., Meyer, S. S., Duque, L., Mullinger, K. J., Tierney, T. M., Bestmann, S., Barnes, G.R., Bowetwll, R.W., Brookes, M.J., (2018). Moving magnetoencephalography towards real-world applications with a wearable system. Nature, (555), 657–661.
Carmona, M. (2014). The Place-shaping Continuum: A Theory of Urban Design Process, Journal of Urban Design 19(1), 2-36.
Coles, J., House, N. (2007). The Fundamentals of Interior Architecture. Huntly, United Kingdom: AVA Publishing.
Cannon, W. (1927). The James-Lange Theory of Emotions: A Critical Examination and an Alternative Theory. The American Journal of Psychology, 39 (1/4), 106–124. 
Cannon, W. B. (1931). Again the James - Lange and the thalamic theories of emotion.  Psychological Review, 38 (4), 281–295.
Chen, Z., Schulz, S., Qiu, M., Yang, W., He, X., Wang, Z. & Yang, L. (2018). Assessing affective experience of in-situ environmental walk via wearable biosensors for evidence-based design. Cognitive Systems Research, (52), 970-977.
Changeux, J. P. (1985). Neuronal Man. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Chiamulera, C., Ferrandi, E., Benvegnù, G., Ferraro, S., Tommasi, F., Maris, B., ... & Bosi, S. (2017). Virtual reality for neuroarchitecture: cue reactivity in built spaces. Frontiers in psychology, (8), 185.
Clément, G. & Reschke, M. F. (2010). Neuroscience in Space. NY: Springer Science & Business Media.
Clemenson, G. D., Deng, W. & Gage, F. H. (2015). Environmental enrichment and neurogenesis: From mice to humans. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, (4), 56–62.
Cohen, M. X. (2017). Where Does EEG Come from and What Does It Mean? Trends Neurosci, (40), 208–218.
Cook, D. J., Mulrow, C. D. & Haynes, R. D. (1997) Systematic reviews: synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions. Annals of Internal Medicine, 126 (5), 376-80.
Cuthbert, B. N., Schupp, H. T., Bradley, M. M., Birbaumer, N., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Brain potentials in affective picture processing: Covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. Biological Psychology, 52(2), 95–111.
Davis, J. I., Senghas, A., Brandt, F. & Ochsner, K. N. (2010). The effects of BOTOX injections on emotional experience. Emotion, 10 (3), 433–440.
Dalgleish, T. (2004). The emotional brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5 (7), 582–589.
Damasio, A. (2005). Descartes error: emotion, reason, and the human brain, London: Penguin Books Ltd.
Danesh Sani, K., Safania, A. M. & Poursoltani, H. (2017). Identification and Prioritization of Factors Affecting Neuromarketing in Sport Based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam5(3), 35-43.
Darwin, C. R. (1872). The Expression of Emotions in Human and Animals. London: Murray.
Dazkir, S. S. & Read, M. A. (2012). Furniture forms and their influence on our emotional responses toward interior environments. Environment and Behavior, 44(5), 722–732.
Debord, G. L. (2003). Sociedad Del Espectáculo. Valencia: Pre-textos.
Davidson, R. J. (1992). Anterior cerebral asymmetry and the nature of emotion. Brain and Cognit. 20(1), 125-151.
Dewey, J. (1894). The theory of emotion: I: Emotional attitudes. Psychological Review, 1(6), 553–569.
Dinis, S., Duarte, E., Noriega, P., Teixeira, L., Vilar, E. & Rebelo, F. (2013). Evaluating emotional responses to the interior design of a hospital room: A study using virtual reality. Paper presented at the design, user experience, and usability. User experience in novel technological environments. Berlin: Heidelberg.
Dirican, A.C. & Göktürk, M. (2011). Psychophysiological measures of human cognitive states applied in human computer interaction. Procedia Comput. Sci, (3), 1361–1367.
Djebbara, Z., Fich, L. B., Petrini, L. & Gramann, K. (2019). Sensorimotor brain dynamics reflect architectural affordances. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(29), 14769–14778.
Dorn, T. J. (1998). Relationship Amongst Guilt-Proneness, Shame-Proneness and the Forgiveness of Others. (Unpublishe MA thesis). University of Alberta, Canada.
Dougherty, B. O. & Arbib, M. A. (2013). The evolution of neuroscience for architecture: introducing the special issue. Intell. Build. Int. (5), 4–9.
Duerden, E. G., Arsalidou, M., Lee, M. & Taylor, M. J. (2013). Lateralization of affective processing in the insula. NeuroImage, (78), 159–175.
Duchowski, A. (2003). Eye tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice. London: Springer Science & Business Media.
Eberhard, J. P. (2009). Applying neuroscience to architecture. Neuron, 62(6), 753–756.
Edelstein, E. A. (2009). Influence of architectural lighting on health. Inf. Newsl, (7), 1–5.
Egger, M. (2001). Systematic reviews in health care. London: BMJ publishing group.
Ekman, P. (1973). Cross-cultural studies of facial expression. In P. Ekman (Ed.), Darwin and facial expression: A century of research in review. New York: Academic Press.
Elbaiuomy, E., Hegazy, I. & Sheta, S. (2018). The impact of architectural spaces’ geometric forms and construction materials on the users’ brainwaves and consciousness status. International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies, 13(1), 43–51.
Ellis, E. V., Gonzalez, E. W. & McEachron, D. L. (2013). Chronobioengineering indoor lighting to enhance facilities for ageing and Alzheimer’s disorder. Intell. Build. Int, (5), 48–60.
Erkan, İ. (2018). Examining wayfinding behaviours in architectural spaces using brain imaging with electroencephalography (EEG). Architectural Science Review61(6), 410-428.
Evans, G. W. & McCoy, J. M. (1998). When buildings don’t work: The role of architecture in human health. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18(1), 85–94.
Evans D. (2003). Hierarchy of evidence: a framework for ranking evidence evaluating healthcare interventions. Journal of clinical nursing, 12(1), 77–84.
Ezzat Ahmed, D. & Kamel, S. (2021). Exploring the contribution of neuroarchitecture in learning environments design “a review”. Int. J. Archit. Eng. Urban Res, (4), 102–119.
Fairhall, S. L. & Ishai, A. (2008). Neural correlates of object indeterminacy in art compositions. Conscious. Cogn. (17), 923–932
Ferguson, K. T., & Evans, G. W. (2018). The built environment and mental health reference Module in earth Systems and environmental sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotions. American Psychologist, 43(5), 349– 358.
Fruzzetti, A. E. & Erikson, K. R. (2010). Mindfulness and acceptance interventions in Cognitive –behavioral therapy. Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies. New York City: Guilford Press.
Fox, C., Merali, Z. & Harrison, C. (2006). Therapeutic and protective effect of environmental enrichment against psychogenic and neurogenic stress. Behavioural Brain Research, 175(1), 1–8.
Fusar-Poli, P., Placentino, A., Carletti, F., Landi, P., Allen, P., Surguladze, S. ... & Politi, P. (2009). Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: a voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Journal of psychiatry and neuroscience34(6), 418-432.
Gage, F. H. (2003). Theme Presentation. San Diego: The Salk Institute.
Gartner, G. (2012). Emotional response to space as an additional concept in cartography, International Archives of the Photogrammetry. Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. XXXIX-B4, XXII ISPRS Congress, Melbourne, Australia.
George, M. S., Nahas, Z., Bohning, D. E., Kozel, F. A., Anderson, B., Chae, J. H. ... & Mu, C. M. D. P. (2002). Vagus nerve stimulation therapy: a research update. Neurology59(6 suppl 4), S56-S61.
Gifford, R. (2007). Enviromental osychology: Principles and practice. WA: Optimal books Colville.
Glass, D. C. & Singer, J. E. (1972). Urban Stress: Experiments on Noise and Social stressors. New York: Academic Press.
Glaser, R. & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2005). Stress-induced immune dysfunction: Implications for health. Nat. Rev. Immunol., (5), 243–251.
Golman, D. (2002). Primal Leadership: Realizing the power of Emotional Intelligence, Boston. MA: Harward Business School Publishing.
Grabenhorst, F. & Rolls, E. T. (2011). Value, pleasure and choice in the ventral prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci., (15), 56–67.
Goldsmith, H. H. & Harman, C. (1994). Temperament and Attachment: Individuals and Relationships. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3(2), 53–57.
Hall, G. M. (2003). How to write a paper. London: BMJ publishing group.
Hebb, D. O. (1949). The Organisation of Behavior. Wiley: New York.
Hekmatmanesh, A., Banaei, M., Haghighi, K. S., & Najafi, A. (2019). Bedroom design orientation and sleep electroencephalography signals. Acta Medica International6(1), 33.
Hennenlotter, A., Dresel, Ch., Castrop, F., Ceballos-Baumann, A. O., Wohlschläger, A. M. & Haslinger, B. (2009). The Link between Facial Feedback and Neural Activity within Central Circuitries of Emotion—New Insights from Botulinum Toxin–Induced Denervation of Frown Muscles. Cerebral Cortex, 19 (3), 537–542.
Hietanen, J. K. & Korpela, K. M. (2004). Do both negative and positive environmental scenes elicit rapid affective processing? Environ. Behav, (36), 558–577.
Higgins J. P. T. & Green S. (2008). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews. Version 5.0.0: The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved Jan 12, 2022 from www.cochrane-handbook.org
Higuera-Trujillo J. L., Llinares Millan C., Montanana I., Avino A. & Rojas, J. C. (2020). Multisensory stress reduction: a neuro-architecture study of paediatric waiting rooms. Building Research & Information, 48(3), 269-85.
Hoffman, M. (2012). Neural Mechanisms of Place Attachment. Proceedings of the ANFA Conference—Poster Session; Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture. CA: La Jolla.
Hu, M. & Roberts, J. (2020). Built Environment Evaluation in Virtual Reality Environments—A Cognitive Neuroscience Approach. Urban Science, (48), 1-16.
Ijsselsteijn, W.A., de Ridder, H., Freeman, J. & Avons, S. E. (2000). Presence: Concept, determinants and measurement. Proceedings of the SPIE Human Vision and Electronic Imaging SPIE: San Jose.
Ishai, A., Fairhall, S.L. & Pepperell, R. (2007). Perception, memory and aesthetics of indeterminate art. Brain Res. Bull. (73), 319–324.
Jalali Kondori, B., Rahimian, E., Asadi, M. H. & Tahsini, M. R. (2014). Magnetic Resonance Tractography and its Clinical Applications. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam2(4), 71-78.
James, W. (1884). What is an Emotion? Oxford Journals, 9 (34), 188-205.
James, W. (1890). The Priniples of Psychology. NY: Henry Holt and Co.
Jelić, A. (2015). Designing “pre-reflective” architecture. Implications of neurophenomenology for architectural design and thinking. Ambiances. Environnement sensible, architecture et espace urbain, (1).
Hudspeth, A. J., Jessell, T. M., Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Siegelbaum, S. A. (Eds.). (2013). Principles of neural science. McGraw-Hill: Health Professions Division.
Kandel, E.R. (2013). Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition. New York City: mcgraw hill professional.
Keil, A., Müller, M. M., Gruber, T., Wienbruch, C., Stolarova, M. & Elbert, T. (2001). Effects of emotional arousal in the cerebral hemispheres: a study of oscillatory brain activity and event-related potentials. Clinical Neurophysiology, 112(11), 2057–2068
Kemeny, M. E., Gruenewald, T. L. & Dickerson, S. S. (2004). Shame as the emotional response to threat to the self: Implications for behavior, physiology, and health. Psychological Inquiry, 15(2), 153-160.
Kircher, T. & David, A. (2003). The Self in Neuroscience and Psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kirk, U., Skov, M., Christensen, M. S. & Nygaard, N. (2009). Brain correlates of aesthetic expertise: A parametric fMRI study. Brain and Cognition, 69(2), 306–315.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F. & Glaser, R. (2002). EMOTIONS, morbidity, and mortality: New perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 83.
Küller, R., Ballal, S., Laike, T., Mikellides, B. & Tonello, G. (2006). The impact of light and colour on psychological mood: A cross-cultural study of indoor work environments. Ergonomics, 49(14), 1496–1507.
Küller R. (1980). Architecture and emotions. In Mikellides B. (Ed.), Architecture for people (pp. 87-100). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Küller R., Mikellides B. & Janssens J. (2009). Color, arousal, and performance - A comparison of three experiments. Color Res. Appl.
Klepeis, N. E., Nelson, W. C., Ott, W. R., Robinson, J. P., Tsang, A. M., Switzer, P., et al. (2001). The national human activity pattern survey (NHAPS): A resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, (11), 231.
Kleinginna J. R. P. & Kleinginna A. M. (1981). A Categorized List of Emotion Definitions, with Suggestions for a ConsensualDefinition. Motivation and Emotion, 5 (4), 345-379.
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., Fitzsimmons, J. R., Cuthbert, B. N., Scott, J. D., Moulder, B. & Nangia, V. (1998). Emotional arousal and activation of the visual cortex: an fMRI analysis. Psychophysiology35(2), 199-210.
Lanzetta, J. T., Cartwright-Smith, J. & Eleck, R. E. (1976). Effects of nonverbal dissimulation on emotional experience and autonomic arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology33(3), 354.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46(8), 819–834.
Ledoux, J. E. (2008). Cognitive-Emotional Interactions in the Brain. Cogn. Emot, (3), 267–289.
Leeper, R. W. (1965). Some needed developments in the motivational theory of emotions. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
Liddell, B. J., Brown, K. J., Kemp, A. H., Barton, M. J., Das, P., Peduto, A. & et al. (2005). A direct brainstem–amygdala–cortical ‘alarm’ system for subliminal signals of fear. NeuroImage, 24(1), 235–243.
Linaraki, D. & Voradaki, G. (2012). The Interaction of Space with the Human Nervous System and its Impact on Human Psychology. Proceedings of the ANFA Conference—Poster Session. La Jolla: Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture.
Mulrow C. D. (1987). The medical review article: state of the science. Annals of internal medicine, 106(3), 485–488.
Malinin, L. H. (2014). Will ‘good’ Architecture make us more creative? Examining the role of place in creative cognition. In Proceedings of the 2014 ANFA Conference. The Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture: La Jolla, CA, USA;
Manganelli, J., Green, K., Brooks, J., Mocko, G., Walker, I. & Healy, S. (2012). Patterns in Architecture, Cognition, Systems, and Software: Representing and Analyzing Cognition during the Design Process. In Proceedings of the ANFA Conference—Poster Session. Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture: La Jolla, CA, USA.
Mavros, P., Austwick, M. Z. & Smith, A. H. (2016). Geo-EEG: Towards the use of EEG in the study of urban behaviour. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 9(2), 191–212.
Meyakawa, K. (1965). Thoughts on Civilization in Architecture. AD. May, 229-230.
Mehrabian, A. & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. The MIT Press.
McDonald, M. W., Hayward, K. S., Rosbergen, I. C. M., Jeffers, M. S. & Corbett, D. (2018). Is environmental enrichment ready for clinical application in human post-stroke rehabilitation? Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, (12), 135.
MURPHY, F. C., NIMMO-SMITH, I. & LAWRENCE, A. D. (2003). Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: A meta-analysis. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 3(3), 207–233.
Morris, J. D., Klahr, N. J., Shen, F., Villegas, J., Wright, P., He, G.& Liu, Y. (2009). Mapping a multidimensional emotion in response to television commercials. Human Brain Mapping, 30(3), 789–796.
Mulrow, CD. (1987) The medical review article: state of the science, 106(3), 485–488.
Murcia G, Ortiz MJ, Lo´pez-Gordo M.A, Ferra´ndez JM, Sa´nchez Ferrer F, Ferna´ndez E. (2019). Neural representation of different 3D architectural images: an EEG study. Integr. Comput. Aided Eng, (26), 197-205.
Nanda, U., Ghamari, H., Pati, D. & Bajema, R. (2013). Lessons from neuroscience: Form follows function, emotions follow form. Intelligent Buildings International, 5(SUPPL1), 61–78.
Nasar, J. L. (2011). Environment Psychology and urban Design. In T. Banerjee (Ed.), Companion to urban design. London: Routledge.
Neutra, R. J. (1954). Survival through Design. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nidal K. & Malik A. S. (2014). EEG/ERP Analysis: Methods and Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Nithianantharajah, J. & Hannan, A. (2006). Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, (9), 697.
Noguchi, H. & Sakaguchi, T. (1999). Effect of illuminance and color temperature on lowering of physiological activity. Applied Human Science, (18), 117-123.
Ormandy, D. (2009). Housing and Health in Europe. London: Routledge.
Ojha, V. K., Griego, D., Kuliga, S., Bielik, M., Buš, P., Schaeben, C., Treyer, L., Standfest, M., Schneider, S., König, R., Donath, D. & Schmitt, G. (2019). Machine learning approaches to understand the influence of urban environments on human’s physiological response. Information Sciences, (474), 154-169.
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Lundqvist, D. (2002). Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data, and neuropsychological mechanisms. Cognitive neuroscience of emotion, Series in Affective Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Olofsson, J. K., Nordin, S., Sequeira, H. & Polich, J. (2008). Affective picture processing: An integrative review of ERP findings. Biological Psychology, 77(3), 247–265.
Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis. New York, NY: Harper & Row
Pallasmaa, J. (2018). Esencias. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili.
Papale, P., Chiesi, L., Rampinini, A. C., Pietrini, P. & Ricciardi, E. (2016). When neuroscience ‘touches’ architecture: From hapticity to a supramodal functioning of the human brain. Frontiers in Psychology,(7),886.
Pati, D., O’Boyle, M., Hou, J., Nanda, U. & Ghamari, H. (2016). Can hospital form trigger fear response? HERD, 9(3), 162–175.
Pearson, D. (2005). In Search of Natural Architecture. Abbeville Press: New York, NY, USA.
Perry, B.D. (2002). Childhood experience and the expression of genetic potential: What childhood neglect tells us about nature and nurture. Brain mind,(3), 79-100.
Pervin, L. A. (1996). The science of personality. New Jeresy: wiley and sons.
Phan, K. L., Wager, T. D., Taylor, S. F. & Liberzon, I. (2004). Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Human Emotions. CNS Spectrums, 9(04), 258–266.
Pinter-Wollman, N., Jeli´c, A. & Wells, N. M. (2018). The impact of the built environment on health behaviours and disease transmission in social systems. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., (373), 20170245.
Plutchik, R. (1982). A psychoevolutionary theory of emotions. Social Science Information, 21(4-5), 529–553.
Poels, K. & Dewitte, S. (2006).  How to capture the heart? Reviewing 20 years of emotion measurement in advertising. J. Advert. Res., (46), 18–37.
Pykett, J. (2015). Brain Culture: Shaping Policy ThroughNeuroscience. Bristol: Policy Press.
Radwan, A. & Ergan, S. (2017). Quantifying human experience in interior architectural spaces. NY: American Society of Civil Engineers .
Ray, W. J. & Oathes, D. (2003). Brain imaging techniques. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn., (51), 97–104.
Ranson, R. (1991). Healthy Housing. London: Taylor & Francis.
Reinerman-Jones, L., Cosenzo, K. & Nicholson, D. (2010). Subjective and Objective Measures of Operator State in Automated Systems. In T. Marek, W. Karwowski, R. Valerie, (Eds.) Advances in Understanding Human Performance. Neuroergonomics, Human Factors Design, and Special Populations. Boca Ratón: CRC Press.
Reeve, J., Deci, E. L.. & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Selfdetermination theory: A dialectical framework for understanding the sociocultural infl uences on student motivation. In D. McInerney & S. Van Etten (Eds.), Research on sociocultural infl uences on motivation and learning: Big theories revisited. V. 4. Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
Reeve, J. (2009). Understanding motivation and emotion. NJ: Hoboken.
Rheingold, H. (1991). Virtual Reality: Exploring the Brave New Technologies of Artificial Experience and Interactive Worlds—From Cyberspace to Teledildonics. NY: Simon & Schuster.
Roeckelein, J.E. (2006). Elsevier’s Dictionary of Psychological Theories. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science
Roessler, K. K. (2012). Healthy Architecture! Can environments evoke emotional responses? Global Journal of Health Science, 4(4), 83–89.
Roe, J. J., Aspinall, P. A., Mavros, P., & Coyne, R. (2013). Engaging the brain: The impact of natural versus urban scenes using novel EEG methods in an experimental setting. Environ. Sci1(2), 93-104.
Rodríguez, A., Rey, B. & Alcañiz, M. (2011). Immersive virtual environments for emotional engineering: Description and preliminary results. Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine 2011, 199-203.
Rozin, P., Lowery, L. & Ebert, R. (1994). Varieties of disgust faces and the structure of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 870–881.
Rubin, D. C. & Talerico, J. M. (2009). A comparison of dimensional models of emotion. Memory, (17), 802–808.
Russell, J. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Personality and Social Psychology, (39), 1161–1178.
Sakuragawa, S., Miyazaki, Y., Kaneko, T. & Makita, T. (2005). Influence of wood wall panels on physiological and psychological responses. J Wood Sci 51, 136–140.
Schultz, D. (1976). Theories of Personality, Monterey. California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Schachter, S. & Singer, J. (1962). Cognitive, Social, and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State. Psychological Review, 69 (5), 379–399.
Schwarz, N. & Strack, F. (1999). Reports of subjective well-being: Judgmental processes and their methodological implications. Well-Being Found. Hedonic Psychol, (7), 61–84.
Scherer, K. R. & Shorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (Eds.). (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion: theory, methods, research. Canary, NC: Oxford University Press.
Schwarz, N. & Clore, G. L. (1996). Feelings and phenomenal experiences. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles. New York City: Guilford Press.
Sergerie, K., Chochol, C. & Armony, J. L. (2008). The role of the amygdala in emotional processing: A quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(4), 811–830.
Sharma, G., Kaushal, Y., Chandra, S., Singh, V., Mittal, A. P. & Dutt, V. (2017). Influence of landmarks on wayfinding and brain connectivity in immersive virtual reality environment. Frontiers in Psychology, (8), 1220.
Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D. & O’Connor, C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1061–1086.
Shemesh, A., Talmon, R., Karp, O., Amir, I., Bar, M. & Grobman, Y.  J. (2017). Affective response to architecture – investigating human reaction to spaces with different geometry. Architectural Science Review, 60(2), 116–125.
Shiota, M.N. & Kalat, J.W. (2012). Emotion. United States: Wadsworth Publishing.
Soares, J. M., Magalhães, R., Moreira, P. S., Sousa, A., Ganz, E., Sampaio, A., Alves, V., Marques, P. & Sousa, N. (2016). A hitchhiker’s guide to functional magnetic resonance imaging. Front. Neurosci. (10), 515.
Solms, M. & Turnbull, O. (2002). The Brain and the Inner World: An Introduction to the Neuroscience of Subjective Experience. London: Karnac Books.
Sternberg E. M. (2010). Healing Spaces. London: Harvard University Press.
Stichler, J.F. (2001). Creating healing environments in critical care units. Crit. Care Nurs. Q., (24), 1–20.
Thomson, M., MacInnis, D. J., Park, C. W. (2005). The Ties That Bind: Measuring the Strength of Consumers’ Emotional Attachments to Brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15(1), 77–91.
Talarico, J. M. & Rubin, D. C. (2009). Flashbulb memories result from ordinary memory processes and extraordinary event characteristics. In O. Luminet & A. Curci (Eds.), Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives. London: Psychology Press.
Teplan, M. (2002). Fundementals of EEG measurement. Measurement Science Review, (2), 1-11.
Tomkins, S. (1970). Affects as the Primary Motivational System. In M. B. Arnold (Ed.), Feelings and Emotions. New York: Academic Press.
Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W., & Tangney, J. P. (Eds.). (2007). the self-conscious emotions: Theory and research.  New York City: Guilford Press.
Tsunetsugu, Y., Miyazaki, Y. & Sato, H. (2005). Visual effects of interior design in actual-size living rooms on physiological responses. Building and Environment, 40(10), 1341-1346
Ulrich, R.S. (1979). Visual landscapes and psychological well-being. Landsc. Res., (4), 17–23.
Ulrich, R. S. (1981). Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects. Environ. Behav., (13), 523–556.
Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery. Science (New York, N.Y.), 224 (4647), 420–421.
Van Praag, H., Kempermann, G., & Gage, F. (2000). Neural consequences of environmental enrichment. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1(3), 191.
Vannucci, M., Gori S. & Kojima, H. (2015). The spatial frequencies influence the aesthetic judgment of buildings transculturally. Cognitive neuroscience, 5(3-4), 143-9.
Vartanian, O., Navarrete, G., Chatterjee, A., Fich, L. B., Leder, H., Modroño, C., et al. (2013). Impact of contour on aesthetic judgments and approach-avoidance decisions in architecture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (110), 10446–10453.
Vartanian, O., Navarrete, G., Chatterjee, A., Fich, L. B., Gonzalez-Mora, J. L., Leder, H., … Skov, M. (2015). Architectural design and the brain: Effects of ceiling height and perceived enclosure on beauty judgments and approach-avoidance decisions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, (41), 10–18.
Veal, A. (2005). RIBA symposium encourages new links between design and research. Archit. Res. Q., (9), 17–19.
Vecchiato, G., Jelic, A., Tieri, G., Maglione, A. G., De Matteis, F.& Babiloni, F. (2015a). Neurophysiological correlates of embodiment and motivational factors during the perception of virtual architectural environments. Cognitive Processing, 16(1), 425–429.
Vecchiato, G., Tieri, G., Jelic, A., De Matteis, F., Maglione, A. G. & Babiloni, F. (2015B). Electroencephalographic correlates of sensorimotor integration and embodiment during the appreciation of virtual architectural environments. Frontiers in Psychology, (6), 1944.
Vince, J. (2004). Introduction to Virtual Reality. NY: Springer.
Vijayan, V.T. & Embi, M. R. (2019). Probing phenomenological experiences through electroencephalography brainwave signals in neuroarchitecture study. Int. J. Built Environ. Sustain, (6), 11–20.
von Hayek, F. A. (1952). The Sensory Order. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Watson, D. & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98 (2), 219–235.
Watson, J. B. (1913). Image and affection in behavior. The Journal of philosophy. Psychology and Scientific Methods, 10(16), 421-428.
Wells, A. & Mathews, G. (1994). Attention and Emotion: A clinical perspective. Hove: Erlbaum.
Williams Goldhagen, S. (2017). Welcome to Your World: How the Built Environment Shapes our Lives. NY: HarperCollins.
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., Macleod, C., & Mathews, A. (1988). Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders. Chichester: Wiley.
Winkielman, P., Berntson, G. G. & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). The psychophysiological perspective on the social mind. In Tesser, A. & Schwarz, N. (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intraindividual Processessychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Wandersman, A. & Nation, M. (1998). Urban neighborhoods and mental health: Psychological contributions to understanding toxicity, resilience, and interventions. American Psychologist, 53(6), 647–656.
Yin, J., Arfaei, N., MacNaughton, P., Catalano, P. J., Allen, J. G. & Spengler, J. D. (2019). Effects of biophilic interventions in office on stress reaction and cognitive function: A randomized crossover study in virtual reality. Indoor Air, 29(6), 1028-1039.
Zaltman, G. (2003). How Customers Think: Essential Insights into the Mind of the Market. Boston: Harvard Business School.
Zhang, L., Mike Chi, Y., Edelstein, E., Schulze, J., Gramann, K., Velasquez, A., et al. (2010). Wireless physiological monitoring and ocular tracking: 3D calibration in a fullyimmersive virtual health care environment. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.
Zhang, X., Lian, Z. & Wu, Y. (2017). Human physiological responses to wooden indoor environment. Physiology & Behavior, (174), 27–34.