Explaining the Creative Design Process of Urban Space

Document Type : Research Article

Author

Department of Urban Development, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

Problem statement: As a professional mix of Science and Art, Urban Design always needs skillful people in order to submit suitable results with artistic and functional values. For this purpose, specialists of urban design managed to develop different patterns about designing process. Creative Designing is one of the mentioned processes.
Research objectives: The real objective of this paper is to define a process of creative urban design in an urban scale. It may not only consider general steps of creativity but also respect the common process of urban space designing. For this purpose, the main question of this research is: “What are the various steps of creative designing of urban space?” This paper intends to examine the extant ideas in the field of creative process and also urban design process and compatibility of these two concepts.
Research method: Upon a comprehensive evaluation of current ideas about creative designing in different fields, in this study, the relevant process and upgrading techniques have been extracted with a qualitative method and analytical attitude. Then its compliance with the urban space designing process by the use of focus group was examined. Finally, the steps of the creative designing process of urban space were extracted accordingly.
Conclusion: Some of the major factors in the complexity of creativity in urban space designing are complexity and various dimensions of urban space, variety of stakeholder groups, a great number of visual elements and effects of other involved fields in the creation and upgrading the qualities of urban space. Creative designing of urban space is different from other creative designing methods and is applicable in five major steps including 1. Introduction; 2. Focus; 3. Incubation; 4. Illumination; 5. Assessment.

Keywords

References

Abbaszadegan, M. & Vahidiyan, R. (2009). A strategy of product and process-oriented design of urban environment qualities. Bagh-e Nazar, 6(12), 3-16.
Alikaei, S. & Aminzadeh Goharrizi, B. (2019). An analysis of substantial and procedural evolutions of urban design process and its application in Iranian urban design projects. HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA MEMARY-VA-SHAHRSAZI, 23(4), 67-80.
 Alimardani, M., Razaghi Asl, S., Ketabolahi, K. & Miri, M. (2017). Model-e R.S.V.P., farayand-e khalagh-e sanjesh ta amal dar tarrahi-ye shahri [R.S.V.P Model: The creative process of measuring up action in urban design]. Memari-ye Sabz, 3(7), 35-46.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 357-376.
Amabile, T. M. (1993). What does a theory of creativity require? Psychological Inquiry, (4), 179-181.
Amireh, O. M. (2013). An introduction to creative thinking in architectural design. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 13(5), 44-49.
Antoniades, A. C. (2007). Poetics of Architecture: Theory of Design (A. Ay, Trans.). Tehran: Sorush.
Archer, B. L. (1963). A systematic method for designers. London: Council of Industrial Design.
Bahraini, H. (2013). Urban Design Process. Tehran: University of Tehran.
Basadur, M. (1994). Managing the creative process in organizations. In M. A. Runco (Ed.), Creativity Research, Problem Finding, Problem Solving and Creativity (pp. 237-268). Norwwod: Ablex Publishing.
Bastani, M. & Mahmoodi, S. A. S. (2018). Conceptualization Methods in the Design Process of Architecture. HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA MEMARY-VA-SHAHRSAZI, 23(1), 8-18.
Behzadfar, M. & Shakibamanesh, A. (2009). The location of design guidelines in urban design process and their role in promoting urban spaces quality. ARMANSHAHR , 1(1), 1-16.
Broadbent, G. (1984). The development of design methods. in Nigel Cross (Ed.), Developments in Design Methodology (pp. 337-346). Chichester: Wiley.
Biddulph, M. (2012). The problem with thinking about or for urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 17(1), 1-20.
Casakin, H. & Keitler, Sh. (2011). The cognitive profile of creativity in design. Thinking Skills and Creativity, (6), 159-168.
Craft, A. (2001). An Analysis of Research and Literature on Creativity in Education (Report prepared for the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority).
Craft, A. Jeffrey, B. & Leibling, M. (2007). Creativity in Education. New York: Continuum Publication.
Cross, N. (1984). Developments in Design Methodology. Chichester: Wiley Press.
Cross, N. (1990). The Nature and Nurture of Design Ability. Design Studies, 11(3), 127-140.
DeBono, E. (1995). Sirius Creativity: Using the Power of Lateral Thinking to Create New Ideas. New York: Harper Collins Publisher.
Doak, C. K., Stacey, M., Jambura, S. M., Knittel, J. A. & Rule, A. C. (2013). Analyzing the creative problem-solving process: inventing a product from a given recyclable item. Creative Education, 9(4), 592-604.
Doyle, L. Ch. (2017). Creative flow as a unique cognitive process. Frontiers in Psychology, (8), 1-4.
Duerk, D. P. (2019). Architectural Programming. Information Management for Design (S. A. M. Mahmoodi, Trans.). Tehran: University of Tehran.
Eysenck, H. J. (1993). Creativity and Personality: Suggestions for a Theory. Psychological Inquiry, 3(4), 147-178.
Ghasemzadeh, H. (2006). Mental Schema, Culture and Change. Journal of Baztab-e-Danesh, 1(1), 57-68.
Golkar, K. (2008). Design-Oriented urban design; policy-orinted urban design: model terms of references for guiding instruments in Iran. Soffeh, 17(46), 51-66.
Golkar, K. (2011). Urban Design, Process or Processes? Soffeh, 21(1), 99-131.
Gordon, W. J. J. (1961). Synthetics: The Development of Creative Capacity. New York: Harper Collins.
Groat, L. N. & Wang, D. (2005). Architectural Research Methods (A. Einifar, Trans.).Tehran: Tehran University Press and Publishing Institute.
Guilford, J. P. (1968). Intelligence, Creativity and Their Educational Implications. San Diego: Robert R. Knapp.
Haesen, M., Meskens, J., Luiten, K. & Coninx, K. (2010). Draw me a storyboard: incorporating principles and techniques of comics. Proceedings of the 24th BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference (pp. 133-142). Swindon: BCS Learning & Development Ltd.
Harfield, S. (1999). The lure of the sirens’ song, part 1: first thoughts on process. Journal of Architectural Education, 52(3), 174-188.
Harrison, E. G. & Cough, G. (1962). Imagination-Undeveloped Resource. NewYork: Charles Scribner’s Sons Publisher.
Hoseinaee, A & Kasirloo, Y. (2009). Mabani-ye asabShenakhti-ye khalaghiat, Aya nahiye-ye khasi az maghz khalaghiat ra be vojoud mi’avarad? [Neurological foundations of creativity: Does a specific area of the brain create creativity?]. Paper presented at Conference on Neuropsychology Symposium, Jahad-e Daneshgahi-ye Tarbiyat-e Mo’allem, Karaj.
Hosseini, E. S., Falamaki, M. M. & Hojjat, I. (2019). The role of creative thinking and learning styles in the education of architectural design. Architectural Thouth, 3(5), 125-140.
Howard, T. J., Culley, S, J. & Dekoninck, E. (2008). Describing the creative design process by the integration of engineering design and cognitive psychology literature. Design Studies, 29(2), 160-180.
Howard-Jones, P. A., Taylor, J. R. & Sutton, L. (2002). The effect of play on the creativity of young children during subsequent activity. Early Child Development and Care, 172(4), 323-328.
Irouke, V. M. & Ahianba, J. E. (2013). Advancement of Creativity in Architectural Design Education. Journal of Environmental Studies, 1(1), 78-82.
Islami, Gh. & Shapoorian, F. (2014). The Theories And Methods Of Teaching Creativity In Contemporary Western Psychology. Motale’at-e Tatbighi-ye Honar, 6(3), 113-124.
Joanne, M., Boyko, C. T. & Cooper, R. (2015). Do sustainability measures constrain urban design creativity? Urban Design and Planning, (168), 30-42.
Jafari, M. & Zarghami, H. R. (2012). Developing inventive problem solving capabilities and accelerating effective research and development using TRIZ. Roshd-e Fanavari, 8(29), 16-26.
Kalami, M. & Nadimi, H. (2014). Tacit knowing and primary generators reflections on the role of tacit knowing in formation of primary design generators. Soffeh, 24(64), 19-32.
Khakzand, M. & Azimi, M. (2015). Metaphor: a creative aid in architectural design process. International Journal of Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning, 25(2), 67-75.
 Khosravi, Sh. &  Abed Saeedi, Zh. (2011). Focus group, a data gathering method. Iran Journal of Nursing, 23(68), 19-30.
Landa, R. (2014). The Creative Process in Advertising Design. New Jersey: Kean University, Clark Baxter Publisher.
Lang, J. (2004). Creating Architectural Theory: The Role of the Behavioral Sciences in Environmental Design (A. Einifar, Trans.). Tehran: University of Tehran.
Lawson, B. (2016). How Designers Think (H. Nadimi, Trans.). Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University.
Liz, M. (2001). ALL THESES: A Study of Gallery Method to Increase Idea Quality in Conceptual Design. Clemson: Clemson University.
Mahmoodi, A. S. (2005). Design thinking the interactive model of thinking and design. HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA MEMARY-VA-SHAHRSAZI, (20), 27-36.
Movahedi, Y. & Pourmohamadi, M. (2018). Cognitive activity analysis of the brain in creative design thinking. Cognitive Psychology, 6(2), 1-10.
Mozaffar, F., Hosseini, S. B. & Bisadi, M. (2013). The impact of office spatial aspects on creativity and innovation of architecture and urban design researchers. International Journal of Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning, 2(23), 34-40.
Mumford, M. D., Baughman, W. A., Maher, M. A., Costanza, D. P. & Supinski, E. P. (1997). Process base measures of creative problem-solving skills. Creativity Research Journal, 10(1), 59-71.
Onofrei, V. (2005). The theory of architecture: applications and connections. Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Jassy, Constructions, Architecture Section, LI (3-4), 115-124.
Osborn, A. F. (1953). Applied Imagination. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Osborn, A. F. (1963). Applied Imagination: Principles and Procedures of Creative Problem Solving. New York: Charles Scribner.
Pakzad, J. (2006). Mabani-ye Nazari va Farayand-e Tarrahi-ye Shahri [Theoretical Bases and Process of Urban Design]. Tehran: Shahidi.
Parsi, H. R. & Farmahini Farahani, B. (2017). Mental schema, urban space, creativity. ARMANSHAHR, 9(17), 303-315.
Pena, W. M. & Parshall, .S. A. (2012). Problem Seeking: An Architectural Programming Primer (A. Ahmadinezhad, Trans.). Isfahan: Nashr-e-Khak.
Pirkhaefi, A. R. (2005). Khalaghiyat (Mabani va Ravesh-ha-ye Parvaresh) [Creativity (Principles and Methods of Training)]. Tehran: Hezare-ye Ghoghnus.
Plsek, P. E. (1997). Creativity, Innovation and Quality. Milwaukee: ASQC Quality Press.
Potter, M. & William Hamer, P. (2004). The nominal group technique: a useful consensus methodology in physiotherapy research. Journal of Physiotherapy, 32(2), 126-130.
Pugh, S. (1991). Total Design: Integrated Methods for Successful Product Engineering. London: Addison-Wesley Publishers.
Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. Phi Delta Kappan, (42), 305-310.
Roth, W. (1998). Quality Improvement: A Systems Perspective. New York: CRC Press.
Rowe, C. & Koetter, F. (1987). Collage City. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Runco, M. A. & Jaeger, G. J. (2012). The standard definition of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 92-96.
Saldana, J. (2016). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (A. Givian, Trans.). Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi.
Sarkar, P. & Chakrabarti, A. (2008). The effect of representation of triggers on design outcomes. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design. Analysis and Manufacturing, 22(2), 101-116.
Sawyer, R. K. (2006). Explaining Creativity, the Science of Human Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shafei Pouryordshahi, P., Tebbi Masrour, H. R., Mahfouziyan, M. & Sharifi, sh. (2016). Meta explain the theory, models, methods and techniques of creativity in architecture and design creative cities. Urban Management, 15(44), 321-350.
Shah, J. J., Hernandez, N. V. & Smith, S. M. (2000). Evaluation of idea generation methods for conceptual design: Effectiveness metrics and design of experiments. Journal of Mechanical Design, 122(4), 377-384.
Shah, J. J., Hernandez, N. V. & Smith, S. M. (2003). Metrics for measuring ideation effectiveness. Design Studies, 24(2), 111-134.
Sharif, H. R. & Nadimi, H. (2013). Ideation versus idea processing in architectural design thinking. Soffeh, 23(62), 19-26.
Sharma, H. L. & Saarsar, P. (2017). PMI (Plus-Minus-Interesting): A creative thinking strategy to foster critical thinking. International Journal of Academic Research and Development, 6(2), 974-977.
Shirvani, H. (1985). The Urban Design Process. New York: Van Nostrad Reinhold Company.
Simon, H. A. (1997). The New Science of Management Decisions. New Jersey: prentice-Hall.
Stein, M. I. (1974). Stimulating Creativity, Individual Procedures. New York: Academic Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1986). Toward a unified theory of human reasoning. Intelligence, (10), 281-314.
Sweller, J., Van Merrienboer, J. & Paas, F. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review, 10(3), 251-296.
Torrance, E. P. (1981). Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement. Bensenville: Scholastic Testing Service.
Torrance, E. P. (1993a). The Search for Satori (H. Ghasemzade, Trans.). Tehran: Donya-ye No.
Torrance, E. P. (1993b). The beyonder in thirty-year longitudinal study. Roeper Review, (15), 131-135.
Vahedian, M. (2010). Morouri bar nazariye-ha-ye ravanshenasi-ye khallaghiyat [A Review of theories of cognitive psychology of creativity]. Paper presented at Second National Conference on Creativit, Tehran.
Wallace, H.A. (1926). Comparative farm-land values in Iowa. The Journal of Land & Public Utility Economics, 2(4), 185-392.
 Yazdani, A. A. & Moghaddam, R. (2012). Integration of the fish bone diagram, brainstorming and AHP method for problem solving and decision making. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 63(5-8), 651-657.
Zekavat, K. (2010). Jaygah va Mohtava-ye Asnad-e Tarrahi-ye Shahri dar Nezam-e Barnamerizi-ye Fazayi [Place and Content of the Urban Design Documents in Spatial Planning].Tehran: Azarakhsh.
 
 
Abbaszadegan, M. & Vahidiyan, R. (2009). A strategy of product and process-oriented design of urban environment qualities. Bagh-e Nazar, 6(12), 3-16.
Alikaei, S. & Aminzadeh Goharrizi, B. (2019). An analysis of substantial and procedural evolutions of urban design process and its application in Iranian urban design projects. HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA MEMARY-VA-SHAHRSAZI, 23(4), 67-80.
 Alimardani, M., Razaghi Asl, S., Ketabolahi, K. & Miri, M. (2017). Model-e R.S.V.P., farayand-e khalagh-e sanjesh ta amal dar tarrahi-ye shahri [R.S.V.P Model: The creative process of measuring up action in urban design]. Memari-ye Sabz, 3(7), 35-46.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 357-376.
Amabile, T. M. (1993). What does a theory of creativity require? Psychological Inquiry, (4), 179-181.
Amireh, O. M. (2013). An introduction to creative thinking in architectural design. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 13(5), 44-49.
Antoniades, A. C. (2007). Poetics of Architecture: Theory of Design (A. Ay, Trans.). Tehran: Sorush.
Archer, B. L. (1963). A systematic method for designers. London: Council of Industrial Design.
Bahraini, H. (2013). Urban Design Process. Tehran: University of Tehran.
Basadur, M. (1994). Managing the creative process in organizations. In M. A. Runco (Ed.), Creativity Research, Problem Finding, Problem Solving and Creativity (pp. 237-268). Norwwod: Ablex Publishing.
Bastani, M. & Mahmoodi, S. A. S. (2018). Conceptualization Methods in the Design Process of Architecture. HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA MEMARY-VA-SHAHRSAZI, 23(1), 8-18.
Behzadfar, M. & Shakibamanesh, A. (2009). The location of design guidelines in urban design process and their role in promoting urban spaces quality. ARMANSHAHR , 1(1), 1-16.
Broadbent, G. (1984). The development of design methods. in Nigel Cross (Ed.), Developments in Design Methodology (pp. 337-346). Chichester: Wiley.
Biddulph, M. (2012). The problem with thinking about or for urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 17(1), 1-20.
Casakin, H. & Keitler, Sh. (2011). The cognitive profile of creativity in design. Thinking Skills and Creativity, (6), 159-168.
Craft, A. (2001). An Analysis of Research and Literature on Creativity in Education (Report prepared for the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority).
Craft, A. Jeffrey, B. & Leibling, M. (2007). Creativity in Education. New York: Continuum Publication.
Cross, N. (1984). Developments in Design Methodology. Chichester: Wiley Press.
Cross, N. (1990). The Nature and Nurture of Design Ability. Design Studies, 11(3), 127-140.
DeBono, E. (1995). Sirius Creativity: Using the Power of Lateral Thinking to Create New Ideas. New York: Harper Collins Publisher.
Doak, C. K., Stacey, M., Jambura, S. M., Knittel, J. A. & Rule, A. C. (2013). Analyzing the creative problem-solving process: inventing a product from a given recyclable item. Creative Education, 9(4), 592-604.
Doyle, L. Ch. (2017). Creative flow as a unique cognitive process. Frontiers in Psychology, (8), 1-4.
Duerk, D. P. (2019). Architectural Programming. Information Management for Design (S. A. M. Mahmoodi, Trans.). Tehran: University of Tehran.
Eysenck, H. J. (1993). Creativity and Personality: Suggestions for a Theory. Psychological Inquiry, 3(4), 147-178.
Ghasemzadeh, H. (2006). Mental Schema, Culture and Change. Journal of Baztab-e-Danesh, 1(1), 57-68.
Golkar, K. (2008). Design-Oriented urban design; policy-orinted urban design: model terms of references for guiding instruments in Iran. Soffeh, 17(46), 51-66.
Golkar, K. (2011). Urban Design, Process or Processes? Soffeh, 21(1), 99-131.
Gordon, W. J. J. (1961). Synthetics: The Development of Creative Capacity. New York: Harper Collins.
Groat, L. N. & Wang, D. (2005). Architectural Research Methods (A. Einifar, Trans.).Tehran: Tehran University Press and Publishing Institute.
Guilford, J. P. (1968). Intelligence, Creativity and Their Educational Implications. San Diego: Robert R. Knapp.
Haesen, M., Meskens, J., Luiten, K. & Coninx, K. (2010). Draw me a storyboard: incorporating principles and techniques of comics. Proceedings of the 24th BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference (pp. 133-142). Swindon: BCS Learning & Development Ltd.
Harfield, S. (1999). The lure of the sirens’ song, part 1: first thoughts on process. Journal of Architectural Education, 52(3), 174-188.
Harrison, E. G. & Cough, G. (1962). Imagination-Undeveloped Resource. NewYork: Charles Scribner’s Sons Publisher.
Hoseinaee, A & Kasirloo, Y. (2009). Mabani-ye asabShenakhti-ye khalaghiat, Aya nahiye-ye khasi az maghz khalaghiat ra be vojoud mi’avarad? [Neurological foundations of creativity: Does a specific area of the brain create creativity?]. Paper presented at Conference on Neuropsychology Symposium, Jahad-e Daneshgahi-ye Tarbiyat-e Mo’allem, Karaj.
Hosseini, E. S., Falamaki, M. M. & Hojjat, I. (2019). The role of creative thinking and learning styles in the education of architectural design. Architectural Thouth, 3(5), 125-140.
Howard, T. J., Culley, S, J. & Dekoninck, E. (2008). Describing the creative design process by the integration of engineering design and cognitive psychology literature. Design Studies, 29(2), 160-180.
Howard-Jones, P. A., Taylor, J. R. & Sutton, L. (2002). The effect of play on the creativity of young children during subsequent activity. Early Child Development and Care, 172(4), 323-328.
Irouke, V. M. & Ahianba, J. E. (2013). Advancement of Creativity in Architectural Design Education. Journal of Environmental Studies, 1(1), 78-82.
Islami, Gh. & Shapoorian, F. (2014). The Theories And Methods Of Teaching Creativity In Contemporary Western Psychology. Motale’at-e Tatbighi-ye Honar, 6(3), 113-124.
Joanne, M., Boyko, C. T. & Cooper, R. (2015). Do sustainability measures constrain urban design creativity? Urban Design and Planning, (168), 30-42.
Jafari, M. & Zarghami, H. R. (2012). Developing inventive problem solving capabilities and accelerating effective research and development using TRIZ. Roshd-e Fanavari, 8(29), 16-26.
Kalami, M. & Nadimi, H. (2014). Tacit knowing and primary generators reflections on the role of tacit knowing in formation of primary design generators. Soffeh, 24(64), 19-32.
Khakzand, M. & Azimi, M. (2015). Metaphor: a creative aid in architectural design process. International Journal of Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning, 25(2), 67-75.
 Khosravi, Sh. &  Abed Saeedi, Zh. (2011). Focus group, a data gathering method. Iran Journal of Nursing, 23(68), 19-30.
Landa, R. (2014). The Creative Process in Advertising Design. New Jersey: Kean University, Clark Baxter Publisher.
Lang, J. (2004). Creating Architectural Theory: The Role of the Behavioral Sciences in Environmental Design (A. Einifar, Trans.). Tehran: University of Tehran.
Lawson, B. (2016). How Designers Think (H. Nadimi, Trans.). Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University.
Liz, M. (2001). ALL THESES: A Study of Gallery Method to Increase Idea Quality in Conceptual Design. Clemson: Clemson University.
Mahmoodi, A. S. (2005). Design thinking the interactive model of thinking and design. HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA MEMARY-VA-SHAHRSAZI, (20), 27-36.
Movahedi, Y. & Pourmohamadi, M. (2018). Cognitive activity analysis of the brain in creative design thinking. Cognitive Psychology, 6(2), 1-10.
Mozaffar, F., Hosseini, S. B. & Bisadi, M. (2013). The impact of office spatial aspects on creativity and innovation of architecture and urban design researchers. International Journal of Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning, 2(23), 34-40.
Mumford, M. D., Baughman, W. A., Maher, M. A., Costanza, D. P. & Supinski, E. P. (1997). Process base measures of creative problem-solving skills. Creativity Research Journal, 10(1), 59-71.
Onofrei, V. (2005). The theory of architecture: applications and connections. Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Jassy, Constructions, Architecture Section, LI (3-4), 115-124.
Osborn, A. F. (1953). Applied Imagination. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Osborn, A. F. (1963). Applied Imagination: Principles and Procedures of Creative Problem Solving. New York: Charles Scribner.
Pakzad, J. (2006). Mabani-ye Nazari va Farayand-e Tarrahi-ye Shahri [Theoretical Bases and Process of Urban Design]. Tehran: Shahidi.
Parsi, H. R. & Farmahini Farahani, B. (2017). Mental schema, urban space, creativity. ARMANSHAHR, 9(17), 303-315.
Pena, W. M. & Parshall, .S. A. (2012). Problem Seeking: An Architectural Programming Primer (A. Ahmadinezhad, Trans.). Isfahan: Nashr-e-Khak.
Pirkhaefi, A. R. (2005). Khalaghiyat (Mabani va Ravesh-ha-ye Parvaresh) [Creativity (Principles and Methods of Training)]. Tehran: Hezare-ye Ghoghnus.
Plsek, P. E. (1997). Creativity, Innovation and Quality. Milwaukee: ASQC Quality Press.
Potter, M. & William Hamer, P. (2004). The nominal group technique: a useful consensus methodology in physiotherapy research. Journal of Physiotherapy, 32(2), 126-130.
Pugh, S. (1991). Total Design: Integrated Methods for Successful Product Engineering. London: Addison-Wesley Publishers.
Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. Phi Delta Kappan, (42), 305-310.
Roth, W. (1998). Quality Improvement: A Systems Perspective. New York: CRC Press.
Rowe, C. & Koetter, F. (1987). Collage City. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Runco, M. A. & Jaeger, G. J. (2012). The standard definition of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1), 92-96.
Saldana, J. (2016). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (A. Givian, Trans.). Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi.
Sarkar, P. & Chakrabarti, A. (2008). The effect of representation of triggers on design outcomes. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design. Analysis and Manufacturing, 22(2), 101-116.
Sawyer, R. K. (2006). Explaining Creativity, the Science of Human Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shafei Pouryordshahi, P., Tebbi Masrour, H. R., Mahfouziyan, M. & Sharifi, sh. (2016). Meta explain the theory, models, methods and techniques of creativity in architecture and design creative cities. Urban Management, 15(44), 321-350.
Shah, J. J., Hernandez, N. V. & Smith, S. M. (2000). Evaluation of idea generation methods for conceptual design: Effectiveness metrics and design of experiments. Journal of Mechanical Design, 122(4), 377-384.
Shah, J. J., Hernandez, N. V. & Smith, S. M. (2003). Metrics for measuring ideation effectiveness. Design Studies, 24(2), 111-134.
Sharif, H. R. & Nadimi, H. (2013). Ideation versus idea processing in architectural design thinking. Soffeh, 23(62), 19-26.
Sharma, H. L. & Saarsar, P. (2017). PMI (Plus-Minus-Interesting): A creative thinking strategy to foster critical thinking. International Journal of Academic Research and Development, 6(2), 974-977.
Shirvani, H. (1985). The Urban Design Process. New York: Van Nostrad Reinhold Company.
Simon, H. A. (1997). The New Science of Management Decisions. New Jersey: prentice-Hall.
Stein, M. I. (1974). Stimulating Creativity, Individual Procedures. New York: Academic Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1986). Toward a unified theory of human reasoning. Intelligence, (10), 281-314.
Sweller, J., Van Merrienboer, J. & Paas, F. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review, 10(3), 251-296.
Torrance, E. P. (1981). Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement. Bensenville: Scholastic Testing Service.
Torrance, E. P. (1993a). The Search for Satori (H. Ghasemzade, Trans.). Tehran: Donya-ye No.
Torrance, E. P. (1993b). The beyonder in thirty-year longitudinal study. Roeper Review, (15), 131-135.
Vahedian, M. (2010). Morouri bar nazariye-ha-ye ravanshenasi-ye khallaghiyat [A Review of theories of cognitive psychology of creativity]. Paper presented at Second National Conference on Creativit, Tehran.
Wallace, H.A. (1926). Comparative farm-land values in Iowa. The Journal of Land & Public Utility Economics, 2(4), 185-392.
 Yazdani, A. A. & Moghaddam, R. (2012). Integration of the fish bone diagram, brainstorming and AHP method for problem solving and decision making. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 63(5-8), 651-657.
Zekavat, K. (2010). Jaygah va Mohtava-ye Asnad-e Tarrahi-ye Shahri dar Nezam-e Barnamerizi-ye Fazayi [Place and Content of the Urban Design Documents in Spatial Planning].Tehran: Azarakhsh.
 
 
 
Abbaszadegan, M. & Vahidiyan, R. (2009). A strategy of product and process-oriented design of urban environment qualities. Bagh-e Nazar, 6(12), 3-16.
Alikaei, S. & Aminzadeh Goharrizi, B. (2019). An analysis of substantial and procedural evolutions of urban design process and its application in Iranian urban design projects. HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA MEMARY-VA-SHAHRSAZI, 23(4), 67-80.
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The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
Volume 18, Issue 99
September 2021
Pages 105-120

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