Analysis of Accessibility of Green Spaces in Tehran for People with Limited Movement with an Emphasis on the Concept of Universal Design

Document Type : Research Article

Author

Faculty of architecture and environment design department. Road & Housing and Urban Development Research Center.Tehran.Iran

Abstract

Problem stetment:Urban parks have a great impact on people’s physical and mental health. Today, despite the global importance of inclusive design, research, and related criteria in Iran, people with limited mobility are less present in parks due to the unavailability of parks. It seems that this issue is due to insufficient technical knowledge of designers, supervisors of urban and civil designers, disregard for the rules and also ignorance of the physical condition of people with limited mobility.
Research objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accessibility of parks in Tehran for people with physical limitted. This evaluation is done with an emphasis on the concept of inclusive design so that all people, regardless of their physical abilities, can benefit from the facilities and equipment available in the parks.
Research method: First, through theoretical studies, the characteristics and limitations of movement of different people in society were identified. Then the physical and non-physical principles of the concept of inclusive design were examined.. In the next step, the equipment in the parks was identified and the availability indicators were determined by the experts. In the third stage, a case study evaluation checklist was prepared and completed through a survey. Data analysis by Delphi method and the results, after extracting points and weighting options through Excel, were plotted and analyzed.
Conclusion: The results show that several factors cause the unaccessibility of parks that are effective in the design, implementation and operation stages.. The most important of these factors are ignoring the principles of inclusive design, ignoring design criteria for people with physical disabilities, lack of knowledge and sufficient technical knowledge of contractors in the correct implementation of projects, and creating secondary obstacles after implementation due to improper management.

Keywords

References

 Alalhesabi, M. & Noorzian Maleki, S. (2008).Comprehensive design. Journal of Rural Environment, 27 (123), 28-41.
 Baghaei, P., Okhovat, H., Lillian, M. R. & Tashakor, M. (2011). Redesigning urban parks.Tehran: Kalhor.
Bedla, M. R. (2005). Naghsh-e mardom dar farayand-e monasebsazi [The impact of people in the adaptation process]. Conference Proceedings of  the Conference on Adaptation of Urban Environment for People with Disabilities. Qom: Welfare Organization Publication.
Cohen, N. (2001). Urban planning consternation and preservation. New York: McGraw – Hill.
Disability and Health. (2005). Tabaghebandi-ye beynolmelali-ye amalkard [International Classification of Function]. Tehran: Statistics Center of Iran.
Environmental accessibility and its implications for inclusive, sustainable and equitable development for all.(2013). UN: Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA).
Factsheet on person with disabilities. (2011). U.S.: Department of economic and social affairs division for inclusive social development.
Ghasemzadeh, M. (2004). Meaning of entry Barrier- free in providing an accessible environment. Workshop “Designing accessible public spaces for the disabled”. Tehran: Building and Housing Research Center.
 Gehl, Y. (2015). Cities for people (A. Ghaffari. L. Ghaffari. Trans.) Tehran: Publications of the Institute of Architectural Science.
General population and housing census. (1986-2016). Natayej-e kolli-ye sarshomari [Overall censes results]. Tehran: Statistics Center of Iran.
GÜNGÖR, S. (2016). A Research on accessibility of urban parks by disabled person: The case study of Birlik Park Konya- Turkey. Turkey: S.T Kliment Ohridski University Press Sofia.
 Hekmati, J. (2014). Tarrahi-ye bagh va park [Garden and park design]. Tehran: Payame Noor University Press.
Herwing, O. (2008). Universal Design: Solutions for Barrier- free Living. Switzerland: Birkhauser.
Mace, R. (1985).Universal Design: Barrier Free Environments for everyone. CA: Designers West, Los Angeles.
 Pakzad, J., Tarkzadeh, N., Ghasemi, M. & Torabi, M. (2014). Mabani-ye nazari va farayand-e tarrahi-ye shahri [Theoretical Foundations and Urban Design Process]. (2nded.). Tehran: Shahidi.
Preiser, W. & Smith, K. (2011). Universal Design Hand Book. Second Edition. New York: McGraw – Hill.
Rafizadeh, N. (2013). Tarrahi-ye monasebsazi-ye bostan-ha-ye shahri be manzor-e tashil-e taradod-e afrad-e malol-e jesmi- harekati [Urban park adaptation plan to facilitate the movement of people with physical disabilities]. Tehran: Housing and Urban Development Research Center in collaboration with the Parks and Green Spaces Organization of Tehran.
Rafizadeh, N., Nozari, Sh., Ghasemzadeh, M. &  Mandegar, M. (2017). Rahnamay-e karbordi-ye zavabet va mogharrat-e shahrsazi va memari baray-e afrad-e malol-e jesmi-harekati [Practical Guides to the Rules and Regulations of Urban Planning and Architecture for People with Physical Disabilities]. (3 nd ed). Tehran: Housing and Urban Development Research Center. NO. 678.
 Rafizadeh, N. (2018). Inclusive Design in Response to Environmental Expectations of Older Women. Haft Shahr, (61), 186-199.
Rodman, D. Frederick, P. (2009). Universal Design Guidelines for outdoor spaces: Plan and Design for choice. England: British Columbia.
Rules and regulations of urban planning and architecture for people with physical disabilities. (1999).Tehran: Housing and Urban Development Research Center. NO. 104.
 Nourani, A. (2006). Asansazi-ye be kargiri, amozeshi nemodan va arzyabi-e ejraei zavabet va moghrrarat-e shahsazi va memari baraye malolan-e jesmi-harekati [Facilitate the application, training and executive evaluation of urban planning and architecture rules and regulations for the physically disabled]. Tehran: Iran Urban Planning and Architecture Research and Development Center, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development.
Nozari, Sh., Rafizadeh, N. & Ghasemzadeh, M. (2017). Ravesh-ha-ye monasebsazi-ye sakhteman-ha-ye edari baray-e afrad-e daray-e mahdodiyat-e jesmi-harekati [Methods of adapting office buildings for people with physical disabilities]. (2nded.). Tehran: Housing and Urban Development Research Center.
 Nozari, Sh., Rafizadeh, N., Ghasemzadeh, M., Raheb, Gh. & Sadeghi, Z. (2017). Rahnemod-ha-ye monasebsazi-ye payane-ha-ye hamlonagh baray-e afrad-e daray-e maloliyat [Guidelines for adapting transportation terminals for people with disabilities]. Tehran: Housing and Urban Development Research Center.
 Alalhesabi, M. & Noorzian Maleki, S. (2008).Comprehensive design. Journal of Rural Environment, 27 (123), 28-41.
 Baghaei, P., Okhovat, H., Lillian, M. R. & Tashakor, M. (2011). Redesigning urban parks.Tehran: Kalhor.
Bedla, M. R. (2005). Naghsh-e mardom dar farayand-e monasebsazi [The impact of people in the adaptation process]. Conference Proceedings of  the Conference on Adaptation of Urban Environment for People with Disabilities. Qom: Welfare Organization Publication.
Cohen, N. (2001). Urban planning consternation and preservation. New York: McGraw – Hill.
Disability and Health. (2005). Tabaghebandi-ye beynolmelali-ye amalkard [International Classification of Function]. Tehran: Statistics Center of Iran.
Environmental accessibility and its implications for inclusive, sustainable and equitable development for all.(2013). UN: Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA).
Factsheet on person with disabilities. (2011). U.S.: Department of economic and social affairs division for inclusive social development.
Ghasemzadeh, M. (2004). Meaning of entry Barrier- free in providing an accessible environment. Workshop “Designing accessible public spaces for the disabled”. Tehran: Building and Housing Research Center.
 Gehl, Y. (2015). Cities for people (A. Ghaffari. L. Ghaffari. Trans.) Tehran: Publications of the Institute of Architectural Science.
General population and housing census. (1986-2016). Natayej-e kolli-ye sarshomari [Overall censes results]. Tehran: Statistics Center of Iran.
GÜNGÖR, S. (2016). A Research on accessibility of urban parks by disabled person: The case study of Birlik Park Konya- Turkey. Turkey: S.T Kliment Ohridski University Press Sofia.
 Hekmati, J. (2014). Tarrahi-ye bagh va park [Garden and park design]. Tehran: Payame Noor University Press.
Herwing, O. (2008). Universal Design: Solutions for Barrier- free Living. Switzerland: Birkhauser.
Mace, R. (1985).Universal Design: Barrier Free Environments for everyone. CA: Designers West, Los Angeles.
 Pakzad, J., Tarkzadeh, N., Ghasemi, M. & Torabi, M. (2014). Mabani-ye nazari va farayand-e tarrahi-ye shahri [Theoretical Foundations and Urban Design Process]. (2nded.). Tehran: Shahidi.
Preiser, W. & Smith, K. (2011). Universal Design Hand Book. Second Edition. New York: McGraw – Hill.
Rafizadeh, N. (2013). Tarrahi-ye monasebsazi-ye bostan-ha-ye shahri be manzor-e tashil-e taradod-e afrad-e malol-e jesmi- harekati [Urban park adaptation plan to facilitate the movement of people with physical disabilities]. Tehran: Housing and Urban Development Research Center in collaboration with the Parks and Green Spaces Organization of Tehran.
Rafizadeh, N., Nozari, Sh., Ghasemzadeh, M. &  Mandegar, M. (2017). Rahnamay-e karbordi-ye zavabet va mogharrat-e shahrsazi va memari baray-e afrad-e malol-e jesmi-harekati [Practical Guides to the Rules and Regulations of Urban Planning and Architecture for People with Physical Disabilities]. (3 nd ed). Tehran: Housing and Urban Development Research Center. NO. 678.
 Rafizadeh, N. (2018). Inclusive Design in Response to Environmental Expectations of Older Women. Haft Shahr, (61), 186-199.
Rodman, D. Frederick, P. (2009). Universal Design Guidelines for outdoor spaces: Plan and Design for choice. England: British Columbia.
Rules and regulations of urban planning and architecture for people with physical disabilities. (1999).Tehran: Housing and Urban Development Research Center. NO. 104.
 Nourani, A. (2006). Asansazi-ye be kargiri, amozeshi nemodan va arzyabi-e ejraei zavabet va moghrrarat-e shahsazi va memari baraye malolan-e jesmi-harekati [Facilitate the application, training and executive evaluation of urban planning and architecture rules and regulations for the physically disabled]. Tehran: Iran Urban Planning and Architecture Research and Development Center, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development.
Nozari, Sh., Rafizadeh, N. & Ghasemzadeh, M. (2017). Ravesh-ha-ye monasebsazi-ye sakhteman-ha-ye edari baray-e afrad-e daray-e mahdodiyat-e jesmi-harekati [Methods of adapting office buildings for people with physical disabilities]. (2nded.). Tehran: Housing and Urban Development Research Center.
 Nozari, Sh., Rafizadeh, N., Ghasemzadeh, M., Raheb, Gh. & Sadeghi, Z. (2017). Rahnemod-ha-ye monasebsazi-ye payane-ha-ye hamlonagh baray-e afrad-e daray-e maloliyat [Guidelines for adapting transportation terminals for people with disabilities]. Tehran: Housing and Urban Development Research Center.

The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
Volume 18, Issue 94
April 2021
Pages 35-46

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