Application of Persian garden Design Pattern in Gardens of Northern Iran

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 M.A. in Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Lahijan Islamic Azad University, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Lahijan Islamic Azad University, Iran.

Abstract

Problem statement: Persian gardens which are registered on UNESCO heritage list share similar patterns and design characteristics. Enjoying a geometrical design, enclosure, order, visual symmetry, axial order and centrality are among the main characteristics of every Persian garden. The Persian gardens are always divided into four sectors, with water playing an important role for both irrigation and ornamentation. The Persian garden, as a metaphor of paradise, is usually known as the tradition of arid zones and hot and dry climates; while due to the greenery and rich natural environment of mild and humid climate, this kind of design is not considered a necessity in such areas.
Research objective: This paper, however, rejects such inclusivity and discusses that the Persian garden design principles have also been employed in other climatic regions of Iran as well. Accordingly, the current paper introduces a number of historical gardens in mild and humid climatic zone of Iran, which have applied the same design principles as Persian gardens.
Research method: The paper seeks to clarify if Persian gardens can be exclusively found in hot and arid parts of Iran; and if not, what are the ways in which one can design a Persian garden in the mild and humid parts of Iran. The paper uses a qualitative method to explore the understanding and interpretation of users about the notion of garden in the studied area, and to identify the mutual characteristics of designing garden in central and northern parts of Iran.
Conclusion: The paper further discusses if application of Persian garden design principles is responsive in northern Iran. “Dar Al-Hokoumah of Guilan”, “Safa Garden” and “Nasseriye Gardens” in Rasht, “Abbasabad Garden” in Behshar as well as several historical houses in Amlash are among the cases to approve the adaptability of Persian garden design principles in a different climate than hot arid central part of Iran.

Keywords


Alemi, M. (2011). Symbolism in Persian garden: the sense of nature in the royal Safavid gardens. Manzar, 3(17), 6-13.
Arianpour, A. (Ed.). (1987). A General Survey of Persian Gardens and an Investigation of the Historical gardens of Shiraz‬. Tehran: Yasavoli.
Bani Masoud, A. (2005). Tarh-e bagh-e shomal-e Tabriz barasas-e naghshe-ha-ye dore-ye Qajar [The plans of Tabriz northern garden based on maps from Qajar era]. Memar, (29).
Bani Masoud, A. (2011). Historical Gardens of Tabriz. Tehran: Daftar-e Pazhohesh-ha-ye Farhangi.
Beheshti, M. (2008). Jahan-e bagh-e Irani [World of Persian garden]. Golestan-e-Honar, 4(12), 7-15.
Beheshti, M., Najar Najafi, E. & Abutorabian, B. (2017). Sheykh Bahaei va Toupe Morvarid [Sheikh Bahaei and the Pearl Ball]. Tehran: Rozaneh.
Daneshdust, Y. (1990). Banaha-ye tarikhi-ye Tabas [Once There Was A Town Called Tabas; The Historical Building of Tabas]. Tehran: Soroush.
Eshraghi, E. (1977). Guilan dar hokumat-e safaviye [Gilan in safavid rule]. Adabiyat va Oloum-e Ensani (Zamime-ye Tarikh) [Literature and Humanities (Supplement/ History)], 1(2), 63-81.
Eskandar Beyg, T. (1955). Tarikh-e Alamara-ye Abbassi (By I. Afshar). Tehran: Amirkabir.
Etemad Al-Saltanah, M. H. , M. (Ed.). (1977). Safarname-ye Sania al-Dawla (Mohammad Hassan Khan Etemad al-Saltanah) az Teflis be Tehran [Travelogue of Sania al-Dawla (Mohammad Hassan Khan Etemad al-Saltanah) from Tbilisi to Tehran] (By M. Golbon). Tehran: Sahar.
Falamaki, M. (2010). Aks-e rokh-e bagh. In Gostare-ha-ye Memari [The Camps of Architecture]. Tehran: Nashr-e Faza.
Ferasati, R. (2002). Naghshe-ye Rasht dar Sal-e 1287 Ghamari [The Map of Rasht in 1287 AH]. Athar, 23(33), 351-356.
Heidar Nattaj, V. (2010). The formation norm of Iranian garden on the basis of Safavid samples in the southern coast of Caspian sea, the case study: gardens in Behshahr. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. School of Fine Arts. University of Tehran, Iran.
Heidar Nattaj, V. (2017). The role of landscape elements (water and geographic context) in the configuration of Bahr-ol-Eram Garden. Bagh-e Nazar, 4(54) 5-20.
Hessam al-Saltanah, A. M. (1969). Safarname-ye Tavalesh [Travelogue of Tavalesh] (By E. Safaei). Tehran: Farhang-e amme.
Icomos. (1982). Historic Gardens. The Florence Charter. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/refrenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2-1052
Javadi, M. & Javaherian, F. (2004). Bagh-e Irani: Hekmat-e Kohan, Manzar-e Jadid [Iranian Garden: Ancient Wisdom, New Perspective]. Tehran: Museum of Contemporary Art.
Kasraeian, N. & Afshar Naderi, K. (2002). Iranian Architecture. Tehran: Agah.
Kazemzadeh, M. & Fadaei Ghotbi, M. (2017). Tahlil-e Sakhtar-e fazaei-ye Rasht ba ta’kid bar bestar-e tabiei va baghat [The analysis of the space structure of Rasht, emphasizing the natural elements and gardens]. Papar presented at The provincial congress of the fourth congress on the history of architecture and urbanism in Iran , Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization, Guilan, Rasht .
Khakpour, M. (2011). Memari-ye khane-ha-ye Guilan [The architecture of Guilan houses]. In Encyclopedia of Guilan Culture and Civilization (vol. 9, pp. 18-52). Tehran: Nashr-e Farhang-e Ilia.
Khansari, M., Moghtader, M. & Yavari, M. (2004). The Persian Garden: Echoes of Paradise. Tehran: Cultural Heritage Research Center.
Lak, A. (2014). Karbord-e nazariye-ye zamine’i dar pazhuhesh-e tarahi-ye shahri [Application of contextual theory in urban design research]. Soffeh, 24(64), 43-60.
Mansouri, A. (2005). An introduction to the aesthetics of Iranian Garden. Bagh-e Nazar, 2(3), 58-63.
Mas’oudi, A. (2004). Barasi-ye Divar be-onvan-e yeki az ajza-ye tashkildahande-ye bagh [Examining the wall as one of the components of the Iranian garden]. Architecture and Culture, 5(4), 100-104.
Memarian, G. (Ed.). (2004). Sabkshenasi-ye Memari-ye Irani [Iran Architecture Methodology]. Tehran: Soroush-e Danesh.
Mirfendereski, M. (2001). Bagh dar mafhum-e bagh [Garden in the sense of a garden]. Haft Shahr, 1(3), 4-13.
Musaffi, A. (1994). Rasht dar safarname-ye pranses bibusco. [Rasht in the travelogue of Princess Bibusco]. Golcharokh Magazine, (10), 13-20.
Naghizadeh, M. & Doroudian, M. (2008). Tabyin-e mafhoum-e gozar dar mabani-ye hoviyat-e tamaddon-e Irani [Explaining the concept of transition in the foundations of Islamic civilization identity]. Hoviatshahr, 2(3), 73-84.
Naghizadeh, M. (2013). Representations of beauty in Persian gardens. Manzar, 5(22), 6-9.
Navaei, A. (1947). Varaghi az tarikh-e mashroute: enghelab-e Guilan chegune aghaz shod? [A sheet of constitutional history: How did the Guilan revolution begin?]. Yadegar Magazine, 4(3), 41-55.
Petruccioli, A. (2013). Il Giardino Islamico : Architettura, Natura, Paesaggio (M. Rasekhi, Trans.). Tehran: Rozaneh.
Pirnia, M. (1994). Bagh-ha-ye Irani [Persian gardens]. Abadi, 4(15), 4-7.
Rabino, M. H. L. (1972). Les Provinces Caspiennes de la Perse: le Gilan (J. Khomamizadeh, Trans.). Rasht: Ta’ati Publications.
Shahcheraghi, A. (2015). Paradigms of Paradise. Tehran: Jahad Daneshgahi.
Soltanzadeh, H. (2003). Az bagh ta Park [From bagh to park]. Nameh-ye Ensanshenasi, 1(4), 91-113.
Sotoude, M. (Ed.) (1988). Rouzname-ye Safar-e Gilan [Guilan Safar Diarys] (Signed by Nasreddin Shah Qajar). Tehran: Mo’asse-ye Farhangi-ye Jahangiri.
Strauss, A. & Carbint J. (2016). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques (I. Afshar, Trans.). Tehran: Ney Publishing.
Vahanian, R. (1997). Ghadimi-tarin naghshe-ye shahr-e Rasht yek sanad-e elmi ast ya yek miras-e farhangi [Is the oldest map of Rasht a scientific document or a cultural heritage?]. Tarikh-e Moaser-e Iran [Iran History], (1), 309-313.
Vahanian, R. (2017). Nakhostin olgou-ha-ye memari-ye neoclassic dar Guilan [The first patterns of neo-classic architecture in Guilan]. The provincial congress of the fourth congress on the history of architecture and urbanism in Iran, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization, Guilan, Rast.
Wilber, D. (1969). Persian Gardens and Their Pavilion (M. Saba, Trans.). Tehran: Bongah-e Tarjomeh va Nashr-e Ketab-e Tehran.