The Explanation of the Peri-Urban Concept and the Factors Affecting Its Creation and Development

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Candidate in Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.

3 Associate Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.

Abstract

Problem statement: Peri-Urbanization (sometimes referred to as the urban fringe) may be a dominant urban form and spatial planning challenges of the 21st century. In industrialized or post-industrial countries, Peri-Urban is the domain of economic, social and spatial change, while in newly industrialized and most developing countries, it is often a chaotic urban region that causes disharmony and incoherent development. In both cases, in addition to some intercity and suburban outskirts, Peri-Urban can be considered a transitional zone and play a greater role as a functional territory. Although a clear and simple definition cannot be found for these areas, there are common features wherever such areas are found. Many global challenges arise from the ways that cities grow and change, especially the emerging mega-cities in developing countries such as Iran, where massive social and environmental problems can be found in their peri-urban hinterlands.
Research objective: Because these areas have relatively low population density by urban standards, scattered settlements, high dependence on transport for commuting, fragmented communities and lack of spatial governance, Explaining the concept of Peri-urbanization and the factors affecting the creation and development of these areas the goals of this research.
Research method: In this research, with an analytical-descriptive approach, a general overview of the phenomenon of urbanization in the European and global concept was conducted. The content analysis method also examines the content of the internal studies conducted by concerning Peri-urbanization. Finally, by introducing a five-dimensional framework that has been adapted from a comprehensive and integrated global study on peri-urbanization to the general study of the theoretical foundations or literature of the subject was examined. To explain a general narrative of how the Peri-Urbanization settlement took place in the present era, considering all its dimensions.
Conclusion: The results of this study show how political, socio-economic and physical driving forces are influential in these areas and as a result of research, a framework for distinguishing the degrees of change in the Peri-Urbanization system from the perspective of different types of links, scales; Spatial development, transformation, resilience and governance will be outlined.

Keywords

References

Abdi, N., Zanganeh Shahraki, S., Marsousi, N. & Rostami, Sh. (2016). Human factors affecting urban sprawl in Sanandaj (1976-2015) with emphasis on informal settlements and peri-urban villages. Rural Research, 7(3), 564-580.
Abdollahi, T. (2007). Analysis of Islamshahr’s physical development process in the last four decades. (Master’s thesis), Faculty of Geography; University of Tehran, Iran.
Afrakhteh, H. & Hajipour, M. (2017). Garbage economy in Peri-urban villages south of Tehran. Space Economy & Rural Development, 6(4), 47-72.
Afrakhteh, H. & Khodaei, B. A. (2011). Organizing tourism in Peri-urban promenades in line with environmental tolerance capacity. Applied Researches in Geographical Sciences, 11(20), 69-88.
Ahmadi, M., Azizi, Sh. & Faeghi, Nikoo. (2018). Analysis of the effects of rural-urban links on physical-spatial transformations in the urban peripheral areas (Case: Mahmoudabad and Atashgah settlements around Karaj city). Urban Peripheral Development, 1(2), 95-105.
Alipour, H., Barari, M. & Sobhani, N. (2019). Reflection of the expansion of the second houses in the urban areas of Mazandaran province. Urban Peripheral Development, 1(2), 47-58.
Amini, S., Rahmani, B. & Majidi Khameneh, B. (2017). Economic consequences of land use changes in peri-urban villages, case: villages of Jei in Isfahan City. Space Economy & Rural Developmen, 6(2), 17-40.
Anabestani, A. A., Mozaffari, Z. & Peyvand, A. (2019). Evaluation of local community attitudes towards neighborhoods with pir-urban promenade complexes, case study: Baghroud Neyshabur tourism complex. Urban Peripheral Development, 1(2), 121-136.
Angel, S., Sheppard, S. C. & Civco, D. L. (2015). The Dynamics of Global Urban Expansion. Washington, DC: World Bank, Transport, Urban Development Department.
Ashenaei, T. (2013). Analysis of the consequences of growth guidance and control policies on the process of urbanization in the metropolitan of Tehran. (Master’s thesis). Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Babaei, M., Basiri Tochaei, M. & Badragheghad, A. (2018). Repopulation analysis and socioeconomic transformation of urban peripheral villages in Urmia. Urban Peripheral Development, 1(1), 139-150.
Bengs, C. & Schmidt-Thome, K. (2006). Urban-Rural relations in Europe (Final report, ESPON). Retrived from https://www.espon.eu/programme/projects/espon-2006/thematic-projects/urban-rural-relations-europe
Bertrand, N. (2007). Introduction: ESDP ideals and the inheritance of rural planning failures. In N. Bertrand & V. Kreibich (Eds.), Europe’s City-Regions Competitiveness: Growth Regulation and Peri-Urban Land Management (pp. 1-35). Assen: Van Gorcum.
Borsdorf, A. & Salet, W. (2007). Spatial reconfiguration and problems of governance in urban regions of Europe. An introduction to the Belgeo issue on advanced service sectors in European urban regions. Belgeo, (1), 1-12.
Briquel, V. & Collicard, J. J. (2015). Diversity in the rural hinterlands of European cities. In K. Hoggart (Ed.), The City’s Hinterland-Dynamism and Divergence in Europe’s Peri-Urban Territories (pp. 19-40). Aldershot: Ashgate.
Bruegmann, R. (2008). Sprawl: a Compact History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Caruso, G. (2015). Perin: the situation in Europe. a bibliographical note and survey of studies in the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Italy and the Nordic countries-urbanisatio. Retrived from https://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/10153/1/Caruso_PeriUrbanEuropeDATAR.pdf
CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2008). Green paper on territorial cohesion: Turning territorial diversity into strength. Retrived from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0616:FIN:EN:PDF
CEMAT. (2007). Spatial development glossary. Retrived fom http://www.ectp-ceu.eu/images/stories/Glossary-CEMAT/Glossary-English.pdf
CURE (Centre for Urban and Regional Ecology) (2003). Sustainable development in the countryside around towns (Report TX 171). Retrived from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/11292101_alt.pdf
Daneshpour, Z. (2006). Analysing spatial inequalities in peri-urban environments: applying the strategic environmentl planning and management in (sepm) Tehran. Honar-Ha-Ye Ziba, (28), 5-14
Davis, M. (2015). Planet of Slums. London: Verso.
De Roo, G. & Silva, E. A. (2010). A Planners Encounter with Complexity. Aldershot Ashgate.
Duhr, S., Colomb, C. & Nadin, V. (2009). European Spatial Planning and Territorial Cooperation. Oxford: Routledge.
EEA (European Environment Agency) (2016). Urban sprawl in Europe: the ignored challenge. Retrived from https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/urban-sprawl-in-europe/download
Esmaeilzadeh, H., Salehpour, Sh., Ghasemian, Z. & Mazaheri, A. (2018). Identification of effective factors creating space in periphery of cities, case study: Urmia City. Geographical Urban Planning Research, 6(1), 23-54.
Farley, P. & Roberts, M. S. (2011). Edgelands, Journeys into England’s True Wilderness. London: Jonathan Cape.
Fassihi, H. (2018). Analysis of the role of metropolises in the economic structure of peri-urban villages, case: Golhesar village in Rey city. Space Economy and Rural Development, 7(2), (24) 107-126.
Friedmann, J. & Miller, J. (1965). The urban field. American Institute of Planners, 31(4), 312-320.
Galster, G., Hanson, R., Ratcliffe, M., Wolman, H., Coleman, S. & Freihage, J. (2001). Wrestling sprawl to the ground. Defining and measuring an elusive concept. Housing Policy Debate, 12(4), 681-717.
Geels, F. W. (2005). Technological Transitions and System Innovation: A Coevolutionary and Sociotechnical Analysis. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Ghadermarzi, H. & Ahmadi, A. (2018). Analysis of the levels of development of the space economy and its spatial effects in the surrounding areas of Sanandaj, Research and Urban Planning, 8(31), 105-122.
Ghadermarzi, H. (2018). Measuring the tourist’s satisfaction on the quality of services provided by environ’s vacationlands, case study: Sanandaj, Abidar Park. Urban Tourism, 5(1), 69-82.
Ghadiri Masoom, M., Tahmasbi, B., Shokryani, A. & Karkhaneh, M. (2019). Analysis of rural entrepreneurship capacities in urban peripheral development, case: Eslamshahr county. Urban Peripheral Development, 1(2), 35-46.
Ghamami, M., Khatam, A. & Athari, K. (2007). Integrated Management for Informal Settlments. Tehran: Shahidi.
Ghasemi, M., Omidvar, N., Ashouri, E. & Nasimi, Z. (2017). A comparative study on the quality of life during the migration of rural communities toward suburban villages, case study: Tabadkan Dehestan in Mashhad County. Geography and Regional Development Reseach, 15(1), 123-149.
Hedayatifard, M. & Kheyroddin, R. (2017). Developing a conceptual framework for exclusive spaces in coastal pre-urban areas: coastal areas of Southern part of Caspian Sea: from Sari to Mahmoud Abad. Town and Country Planning, 9(2), 303-332.
Jansson, T., Bakker, M., Hasler, B. Helming, J., Kaae, B., Lemouel, P., Neye, S., Ortiz, R., Nielsen, T. S. Verhoog, D. & Verkerk, H. (2009). The SIAT model chain (SENSOR report series). Retrived from http://tran.zalf.de/ home_ip-sensor
Jones, G. W. & Douglass, M. (2008). Mega-Urban Regions in Pacific Asia: Urban Dynamics in a Global Era. Singapore: NUS Press.
Kamanroudi Kojouri, M., Parizadi, T. & Karami, M. (2020). The process of formation of informal settlements in periphery of Meshchein city. Urban Peripheral Development, 1(2), 1-14.
Kazemian Shirvan, Gh., Ziyaei, M., Amiri, M. & Moradi, H. (2017). Investigating micro-system management establishment of peri-urban areas, case study: Tehran Metropolis - District 22. Urban Economics and Management, 5(18), 41-56.
Khajeshahkouhi, A., Khorasani, M. A. & Tourani, A. (2013). Analysis of spatial dynamics of population in peri-urban areas: a perceptual survey. Regional Planning, 3(3), 219-238
Khani, F. & Ghanian, M. (2018). The analysis of community based strategies of Tehran’s suburb tourism development, the case study of Kan-Sologhan district, Urban Tourism, 5(4), 121-135.
Khorrambakht, A. A. (2017). Determination of entrepreneurship development strategies in peri-urban villages: a case study of villages around Lar City of Iran. Village and Development, 20(3), 65-83.
Khorrambakht, A. A. (2018). Investigating the process of digestion of peri-urban villages in Tehran’s development using GIS. Research and Urban Planning, 9(34), 217-228.
Kiyaei, M. & Darvish, Y. (2019). Analysis of socio-economic sustainability of rural areas of peri-urban, case: Gomishan city.Space Economy and Rural Development, 8(3), 227-250.
Korcelli, P., Kozubek, E. & Piorr, A. (2011). Economy and employment. In A. Piorr, J. Ravetz & I. Tosics (Eds.), Rural-Urban Regions and Peri-Urbanisation in Europe (pp. 45-50). Copenhagen: Academic Books Life Sciences.
Kraffczyk, D. (2004). The Metro-Scape: a geography of the contemporary city (Master’s Thesis). Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, Cambridge.
Lacqiuan, A. (2015). Beyond Metropolis: The Planning and Governance of Asia’s Mega-Urban Regions. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Loibl, W. & Bell, S. (2011). Population and migration. In A. Piorr, J. Ravetz & I. Tosics (Eds.), Rural-Urban Regions and Peri-Urbanisation in Europe (pp. 50-55). Copenhagen: Academic Books Life Sciences.
Manafiazar, R. & Valaei, M. (2018). Comparative analysis of inequalities in urban space and urban peripheral spaces, case: Miandoab. Urban Peripheral Development, 1(1), 111-128.
McGregor, D. & Simon, D. & Thompson, D. (2006). The Peri-Urban Interface: Approaches to Sustainable Natural and Human Resource Use. London: Earthscan.
Moradi, H. (2019). Analysis of entrepreneurship contexts in urban peripheral spaces development, case: Kermanshah County. Urban Peripheral Development, 1(2), 137-150.
Moshiri, F. & Nikbin, A. (2019). Dealing with environmental degradation caused by urban sprawl uusing smart code as a new approach, case study: Qazvin City and its peri urban area. Geography and Regional Development Research, 16(2), 27-49.
Nilsson, K., Pauleit, S., Bell, S., Carmen, A. & Nielsen, T. S. (Eds.), (2013). Peri-Urban Futures: Scenarios and Models for Land-Use Change in Europe. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Berlag.
Nordregio. (2015). Potentials for polycentric development in Europe (Final report, ESPON). Retrived from https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.1.1_revised-full_0.pdf
Pourtaheri, M., Roknoddin Eftekhari, M., Mehdipour Roshan, L. & anzaei, E. (2014). Assessing organic and non-organic model of rural-urban relations at surrounding villages, case study: surrounding villages of Babol City. Research and Rural Planning, 3(8), 25-36.
Ravetz, J. (2000). City-Region 2020: Integrated Planning for a Sustainable Environment. London: Earthscan.
Ravetz, J. (2011a). Integrated development for peri-urban territorial cohesion. In A. Piorr, J. Ravetz & I. Tosics (Eds.), Rural-Urban Regions and Peri-Urbanisation in Europe (pp. 114-123). Copenhagen: Academic Books Life Sciences.
Ravetz, J. (2011b). Peri-urban ecology: green infrastructure in the 21st century metro-scape. In I. Douglas (Ed.), Handbook of Urban Ecology (pp. 85-94). Oxford: Routledge.
Ravetz, J., Fertner, C. & Nielsen, T. S. (2013). The dynamics of peri-urbanization. In K. Nilsson, S. Pauleit, S. Bell, A. Carmen & T. S. Nielsen (Eds.), Peri-Urban Futures: Scenarrios and Models for Land Use Change in Europe. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Berlag.
Reckien, D. & Karecha, J. (2007). Sprawl in European cities. The comparative background. In C. Couch, L. Leontidou & G. Petschel-Held (Eds.), Urban Sprawl in Europe (pp. 39-65). Landscapes, Landuse Change and Policy. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ristimaki, M. (2011). Mobility and transport. In A. Piorr, J. Ravetz & I. Tosics (Eds.), Rural-Urban Regions and Peri-Urbanisation in Europe (pp. 61-64). Copenhagen: Academic Books Life Sciences.
Roumiani, A., Bahmani, A., Nazari Sheikhi, M. & Hagh Nazari, S. (2019). Spatial linkage and lifestyle of worn in peripheral settlements, case: Selseleh. Urban Peripheral Development, 1(2), 85-94.
Saeidi Rad, M. & Namdarzadeh, M. (2018). Strategic analysis of improving the level of safety in peri-urban areas with emphasis on passive defense (Peri-urban area of Rudbar Qasran, metropolis of Tehran). Police Geography, 6(21), 115-134.
Salehi Babamiri, Ch., Molaei Hashjin, N., Motamedi Mehr, A. & Aamar, T. (2017). Trend analysis of evolution in the socio-cultural structures of the peri-urban villages. case study: Saqqez City -Kurdistan Province. Research and Rural Planning, 5(16), 61-76.
Schneider, A. & Woodcock, C. (2008). Compact, dispersed, fragmented, extensive? A comparison of urban expansion in twenty-five global cities using remotely sensed, data pattern metrics and census information. Urban Studies, (45), 659-692.
Shah Hosseini, A. (2019). Indigenous knowledge in the encircle of urban peripheral villages evolutions, case: Kerend and Ferrer Villages in the Northeast of Garmsar. Urban Peripheral Development, 1(1), 17-32.
Shams Pouya, M. K., Tavakolinya, J. & Sarrafo, M. (2018). Peri-Urban Sustainable Development. Tehran: Amirkabir.
Short, J. R., Hanlon, B. & Vicino, T. J. (2007). The decline of inner suburbs: the new suburban gothic in the United States. Geography Compass, 1(3), 641-656.
Sojasi Qeydari, H. & Sadrossadat, A. (2016). Analyzing factors affecting land use change at rural areas of Mashhad’s urban fringe. Rural Research, 6(4), 831-856.
Tavakoli, M. & Naeimabadi, N. (2019). Urbak sprawl and land use changes in Neyshabur peripheral area. Urban Peripheral Development, 1(2), 151-165.
Teaford, Jon C. (2010). The American Suburb: The Basics. Tehran: Arad Ketab.
Zasada, I. & Berges, R. (2011). Environment and landscape. In A. Piorr, J. Ravetz & I. Tosics (Eds.), Rural-Urban Regions and Peri-Urbanisation in Europe (pp. 72-75). Copenhagen: Academic Books Life Sciences.
Zasada, I., Alves, S., Muller, F. C., Piorr, A., Berges, R. & Bell, S. (2010). International retirement migration in the Alicante region, Spain: process, spatial pattern and environmental impacts. Environmental Planning and Management, 53(1), 125-141.
Zia Tavana, M. H. & Ghadermarzi, H. (2009).Land use changes in peri-urban villages in the process of landslides in Naysar and Hassanabad villages of Sanandaj. Human Geography Research, (68), 119-135.
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
Volume 17, Issue 92
February 2021
Pages 29-50

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics