The Convergence of Persian Architecture with Miniature

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, At Department of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.

2 M.A. Architecture, Department of Architecture, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.

3 M. A. Architecture, Department of Architecture, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.

Abstract

Problem statement: Painting is considered as a way for understanding and reviving the principles in Persian -Islamic architecture. In order to understand these paintings, their features should be identified, and the governing principles as well as depicting architecture should be achieved. Evaluating the creation of space and using the principles of Persian architecture by the Iranian artist in his works help to understand Persian paintings better. In addition, the lack of a coherent and systematic method for expressing and understanding the images of paintings, as the historical documents of Islamic architecture, necessitates the recognition of these two arts more than ever.
Research question: Which principles and points can be understood by evaluating the role of Persian architecture in traditional miniature paintings and matching to historical monuments?
Research objective: The present comparative study of the basic concepts related to Persian architecture with painting aimed to find the most widely used principles and concepts of Persian architecture manifested in the  paintings.
Research Method: In the present qualitative and comparative study, the sources were collected by the library method and analyzed using qualitative analysis and graphical analysis.
Conclusion: The findings indicated that Iranian painters have painted by following the principles of Persian architecture fully and consciously and using the measures that showed convergence and compliance with the principles in architecture. Subsequently, proving the convergence of the principles in painting with the principles of Persian architecture indicated that the common principles in the concept of diversity  in unity, which is one of the basic concepts in Persian -Islamic architecture, had the greatest manifestation in painting.

Keywords


Ardalan, N. & Bakhtiar, L. (2001). The sense of unity: The sufi tradition in persian architecture. Tehran: Elme Memar.
Asadi, Sh;  Abhar, H. & Eslamzadeh, S. (2012).  shenakht-e anasor va tazeinate-e memari-ye Shiraz bar paye-ye negare-ha-ye qarn-e nohom-e hejri [Recognition of architectural elements and decorations of Shiraz based on the paintings of the ninth century AH]. Ketab-e Mah-e Honar, (14), 46-51.
Azhand, Y. (2005). Manzare pardazi dar negargari-ye Irani [Landscape painting in Persian painting]. Khiyale Sharghi, (2), 14-25.
Azhand,Y. (2014). Haft Asl-e Tazeini-ye Honar-e Iran [Seven decorative principles of Iranian art]. Tehran: Peykareh.
Bacon,A. (2007).Cities design: Transforming the shape of the city from Athens Ancient to modern Brazil (Taheri, F. Trans.). Tehran: Center Studies and researches of Iranian urban planning and architecture.
Bahari, E. (1997). Bihzad Master of Persian Painting. London: I.B. Tauris.
Bahraminejad, F., Naghizadeh, M., & Babaki, K. (2013). The manifestation of plurality to unity in Islamic motifs. International Conference on Management, Architectural Engineering and Environment, Szczecin, Poland.
Bemanian, M.R., & Azimi, S.F. (2010). Reflection of Meanings Originated from Islamic Ideology in Architectural Design. Journal of Studies on Iranian Islamic City, (2), 39-48.
Burkhart, T. (1986). Art of Islam: language and meaning‬ (M.Rajabnia, Trans.), first edition. Tehran: Soroush.
Corbin, H. (1999). Example scientist (Avini, S. M. Trans.). Farhang (10),(11), 54-65.
Diba, D. (1999). Elham va Bardasht az Mafahim-e Bonyadi-ye Memari-ye Iran [Inspiration and interpretation from basic concepts of Iranian architecture]. Journal of culture and architecture, (1), 97-111.
Firoozian, M. (2013). Tahile Sayaliat-e Fazaei Dar Memari-e Eslami-e Iran [Analysis of spatial fluidity in Persian Islamic architecture]. The first national conference on architecture and sustainable urban spaces, Mashhad, Iran.
Foroutan, M. (2009). How to understand the Persian architectural space from Iranian paintings (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Islamic Azad University, Research Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran.
Foroutan, M. (2010). Architectural Language of Persian Paintings (Survey of Persian Paintings as Historical Documents of Iranian Islamic Architecture). Hoviyateshahr, 4(6), 131-142.
Goodarzi, M. & Keshavarz, G. (2007). Barresi-ye Mafhoom-e Makan va Zaman dar Negargari-ye Irani [Investigating the concept of time and place in Iranian painting]. HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA, (31), 89-100.
Halabi, A. & Satarifard, Sh. (2010). A look at mystical symbols in Persian-Islamic architecture. National Conference on Indigenous Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran, Yazd, Iran.
Javadi, Sh. (2004).  Landscape in the Miniatures of Iran. Bagh-e Nazar, 1(1), 25-37.
Kashmiri, M., & Rahbarnia, Z. (2018). An Analysis of Pattern Making, Representation of Details, the Third Dimension of Objects in Iranian Paintings based upon the Islamic Optics. Theoretical Principles of Visual Arts, 3 (2), 5-20.
Kazemi, M; Shoarian Sattari, V & Sediq Akbari, S. (2012). Mafhoom va Jaygah-e Faza dar se Negare az Negare-ha-ye Ostad Kamaluddin Behzad [The concept and place of “space” in three paintings by Kamaluddin Behzad]. Glory of Art (jelve-y-honar), 4(2), 43-52.
Khanlari, E. & Qasemi, S. (2015). A study of symbols and signs in Persian architecture. National Conference on Persian -Islamic Architecture and Urban Planning, Rasht, Iran.
Khosrojerdi, N. & Mahmoudi, M. (2014). Semiotics of form and meaning in Persian garden architecture. National Conference on Architecture, Urban Planning and Sustainable Development, Mashhad, Iran.
Keyvani, Sh.(2003).Tahavol-e Manzare dar Negargari-ye Irani [The Evolution of Landscape in Iranian painting]. Mahe-Honar, (63)(64), 103-106.
Mahvash, M. (2007). Bayan-e Memari, Borooz-e Haghighat-e Memari Dar Asar [Architectural expression: The manifestation of architectural truth in the work]. HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA, (28), 45-54.
Makinejad, M. (2014). Centralism, Symmetry, and Repetition in Persian Traditional Arts. Journal of Kimya-ye Honar, 3 (10), 10, 99-108.
Mozaffarikhah, Z. & Goodarzi, M. (2002). Check the space in Iranian painting with emphasis on a selection of Behzad’s works. Islamic Art Studies, 8 (16),7-20.
Nadafipour, M; Afshari, M. & Moghanipoor, M.R. (2011). The    Examination    of    Seven    Fold    Colored    Contrasts  in  Two  Pictures  of  Sharafodin  Ali  Yazdi’sZafarnamehTeimouri  (935)  Kept  in  The  Museum of Golestan Palace. Journal of Comparative Art Studies, (1), 59- 76.
Nasr, S.H. (1994). The world of imagination and the concept of space in Persian miniature (R. Ghasemiyan, Trans.). Tehran: Hekmat.
Navaei, K & Haji-Ghasemi, K.(2012). Khesht va Khial, Sharh-e Memari-e Eslami-ye Iran [Clay and Imagination: A Description of Islamic Architecture in Iran]. Tehran: Radio and Television of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Soroush).
Noghrekar, A.H. (2008). An introduction to Islamic identity in architecture. Tehran: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development.
Noghrekar, A.H. (2014). An understanding of Islamic wisdom in art and architecture. Tehran: Fekrno Publications.
Norouzi Talab, A. (2008). An inquiry into the theoretical foundations of Persian art and concepts of painting. Journal of Visual Arts, (39), 86-106.
Parva, M. (2003). Confrontation of space in Iranian painting and architecture with Thematic view of the eighth climate. Tehran: Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization.
Pirnia, M.K. (2010). Sabkshenasi-ye Memari [Architectural Stylistics]. Tehran: Soroush Danesh.
Raeisi , M.M; Noghrehkar, A.H. & Mardomi, K. (2014). An introduction to the symbolism in Islamic architecture. Iran University of Science & Technology, 2 (1), 81-96.
Sabeti, E. (2002). The atmosphere of music performance in Iranian miniature.Sofeh, 12(34), 133-145.
Soltanzadeh, H. (2004). Persian garden according to miniature. Architecture and culture, 5(17),
Soltanzadeh, H. (2008). Urban & Arehitectral spaces in iranian painting. Tehran: Chahar Tagh Publications.
Tajwidi, A. (1996). Negahi be Naghashi-ye Iran (Az Aghaz ta Gharn-e Dahom-e Hejri) [A look at Persian painting (from the beginning to the tenth century AH), first edition. Tehran: Islamic Culture and Guidance.
Teimouri Gordeh, S. & Heydarntaj, V. (2014). “Nazargah”, the main element of Persian garden in the illustration of the gar dens in Persian paintings. Bagh-e Nazar, 11 (30), 65-76.