Landscape Architecture Factors for a Reduction of Depressive Symptoms in Women with an Interdisciplinary Point of View of Experts

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 PhD. Candidate of architecture, Iran University of science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor of Landscape Architecture, Iran University of science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.

3 Professor of Architecture, Iran University of science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Problem statement: Current cities with their physical and spatial components have hidden the disease symptoms in their parts and the landscape architecture as the health cycle of cities creates mental health there. Rapid growth of depression symptoms, especially in women, has made it necessary to identify the therapeutic methods, the effectiveness level of landscape component, finding a common pattern in the urban context and proper urban areas in the current situation to fully utilize the potential of metropolitan areas in favor of women. It is expected that by ever-increasing growth of mental illnesses such as depression, in a metropolitan city like Tehran, it is required to conduct studies on mind, spaces in cities will be ready to improve mental health and reduce women `s depression.
Research objective: Tehran with gardens which are the main parts of city public places, welcome people , having health factors, are considered as health micro climates and can be applied as improving factors of environment in treatment duration to reduce mental illnesses specially women`s depression. The purpose is introducing the architecture landscape components in gardens for the aim of women`s health. to use such buildings in treatment space specially mental health.
Research method: To respond to the research queries, the researcher starts collecting the documents of relevant research and petitioning the psychoanalysts, psychiatrists and environment designers` views with the help of interview and questionnaire processed, data connections were analyzed with non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test.  
Conclusion: The current study of regular geometry in motion routes and elements, allocating 1/ 3 of the area to water presence and considering its hierarchy, average plant density with accurate plantation in terms of height, variety of species, lighting similar to natural light, public lighting organizing and created shadows, green and yellow in a regular array of floor and natural material will be main elements to improve the space for women`s depression.

Keywords


Abbasian, E., Faizi, M. & Mohammad Moradi, A. (2019a). Utilizing Urban Potentials in Women’s Mental Health, Occupational Residency, Depression Symptoms, The 6th Specialized Congress and the Third International Congress on Hospital and Equipment Manufacturing, Tehran, Iran.
Abbassian, E., Feizi, M. Mohammad moradi, A. (2019b). Iranian Gardens, Women’s Mental Health and Symptoms of Depression, Second International Conference on Psychological and Scientific Horizons, Tehran, Iran.
Abramson, L.Y., Alloy, L.B., Hankin B.L., Haeffel, G.J., MacCoon, D. G. & Gibb, B. E. (2002). Cognitive vulnerability–stress models of depression in a selfregulatory and psychobiological context. In: Gotlib IH and Hammen CL (Eds). Handbook of Depression, pp. 268–294. New York: Guilford Press.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). (2017). Priority populations.
Ahmadi, H. (2006). The Origins of the Genesis of the Idea of the Healthy City, Building the City, 3, 2-9.
Anderson, B. J.(2011). An Exploration of the Potential Benefits of Healing Gardens on Veterans with PTSD, All GraduatePlan B and other Reports, (50), 200-214.
Antonovsky, A. (1991). Hälsans Mysterium, Natur och Kultur, Stockholm: Bokförlaget.
Antony, M.M., Purdon C.L., Huta V. & Swinson R. P. (1998). Dimensions of perfectionism across the anxiety disorders, Behav Res Ther, 36(12), 43-54.
Ashrafi, M. (2006). Depression of the Philosophy and the Word of Lessons from the School of Islam, Noor, 44(5), 74-70.
Baum, A., Fleming, R. , & Singer, J. E. (1985). Understanding environmental stress: Strategies for conceptual and methodological integration. In A. Baum & J. E. Singer (Eds.), Advances in environmental psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 185-207). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bin, J., Sullivan, W.C. & Chun, Y.C. (2014). A dose of nature: Tree cover, stress reduction, and gender differences, Landscape and Urban Planning, 132, 26–36.
Chun, Y.C., Sullivan, W.C. & Bin, J. (2013). A dialogue on the impact of urban landscape on human health, Urbana-Champaign, 1(3), 84-91.
Connellan, K., Gaardboe, M., Riggs, D., Due, C., Reinschmidt, A. & Mustillo, L. (2013). Stressed Spaces, Mental Health and Architecture, HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 6(4), 16-127.
De Vries, S., Have, M., Dorsselaer, S., Wezep, M., Hermans, T. & Graa, R. (2016). Local availability of green and blue space and prevalence of common mental disorders in the Netherlands, BJPsych Open, (2), 366–372.
Doornbos, M., Zandee, G.L., Timmermans, B., Moes J., DeGroot J., (2012). Clinging to Any Bit of Joy: Urban, Ethnically Diverse, Impoverished Women’s Descriptions of Anxiety and Depression, Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 26(6), 437–447.
Doornbos, M., Zandee, G.L., Timmermans, B., Moes, J., DeGroot, J., DeMaagd-Rodriguez, M., Scholman, J., Zietse, M., Heitsch, E. & Quis, M. (2018). Women supporting women, Supportive/educative groups for ethnically diverse, urban, impoverished women dealing with depression and anxiety, Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, (32), 524–529.
Doornbos, M.M., Zandee, G.L., DeGroot, J. & Warpinski, M. (2013). Desired mental health resources for urban, ethnically diverse, impoverished women struggling with anxiety and depression, Qual Health Res, 23(1), 78-92.
Farr, S.L., Dietz, P. M., Williams, J. R., Gibbs, F. A. & Tregear, S. (2011). Depression screening and treatment among nonpregnant women of reproductive age in the United States, Prev Chronic Dis, 8(6), 122.
Frumkin, H. (2003). Healthy places: exploring the evidence. Am. J. Public Health ,93 (9), 1451–1456.
Fu, Q. (2018). Communal space and depression: A structural-equation analysis of relational and psycho-spatial pathways, Health and Place, (53), 1–9.
Gascon, M., Triguero, MasM, Martíezn, D., Dadvand, P., Rojas-Rueda, D., Plasència, A. & Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. (2016). Residential green spaces and mortality: a systematicreview, Environ. Int, 86, 60–67.
Gehl, J. (2013). Cities for People. Island Press, USA: Washington.
Golledge R, G. (1992). Place recognition and wayfinding: Making sense, of space, Geoforum, 23(2), 199-214.
Gopalan, P., Glance. J., Valpe, y. R., Joseph, H. & Shenai, N. (2018). Development of a women’s mental health curriculum and evolution to a Women’s Mental Health Area of Concentration in a psychiatry residency program, Arch Womens Ment Health, (21), 113–116.
Grinde, B. & Patil, G. (2009). Biophilia: Does Visual Contact with Nature Impact on Health and Well-Being? Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian.
Guizzo, A. O. (2013). Landscape Architecture and Neuroscience-the New Meaningof Contemplative Landscapes, Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261645891.
Hartig, T., Book, A., Garvill, J., Olsson, T. & Garling, T. (1995). Environmental influences on psychological restoration, Psychol, (37), 378–393.
Hartig, T., Kaiser, F. & Strumse, E. (2007). Psychological restoration in nature as a source of motivation for ecological behavior, Environmental Conservation, (34), 291-299.
Heath, Y. & Gifford, R. (2001). Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Therapeutic Gardens in a Multi- Level Care Facility for the Aged, Routledge, (25), 2, 21-43.
Helbich, M. (2018). Toward dynamic urban environmental exposure assessments in mentalhealth research, Environmental Research, (161), 129–135.
Helgason, R. & Daly, J.  (1988). Depressive Illness: Prediction of Course and Outcome, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
J. Lingwood, M. Blades, E.K. Farran, Y. Courbois, D. MatthewsThe development of wayfinding abilities in children: Learning routes with and without landmarks, Journal of Environmental Psychology, (41),74-80.
 Janzen, G. & Jansen, C. (2010). A neural wayfinding mechanism adjusts for ambiguous landmark information, NeuroImage, 52(1), 36-47.
Jiang, B., Chang, C. & Sullivan, W.C. Bin, J., Sullivan, W.C. & Chun, Y.C. (2014). A dose of nature: Tree cover, stress reduction, and gender differences, Landscape and Urban Planning, (132), 26–36.
Kaiserman, J. (2017). Urban Nature for Well-being: Design Recommendations forPsychological Benefits in Urban Public Spaces, the degree of Master of Urban Planning. USA: University of Washington.
Kaplan R. (2001). The nature of the view from home: psychologicalbenefits, Environ. Behav, (33), 507–542.
Kaplan, R. & Kaplan, S. (1983). Cognition and Environment: Functioning in an Uncertain World. New York.:  Praeger Publishers.
Kaplan, R. & Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature. New York: Cambridge
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: toward an integrative framework, Environ. Psychol ,(15), 169–182.
Kardan, O., Gozdyra, P., Misic, B., Moola, F., Palmer, L.J., Paus, T., Marc, G. & Berman. (2001). Neighborhood greenspace andhealth in a large urban center, report. USA: washengton reports.
Lau, Y. (2009). Introducing Healing Gardens into a Compact University Campus: Design Natural Space to Create Healthy and Sustainable Campuses, Landscape Research, 34(1), 55-81.
Lee, A.C.K. & Maheswaran, R. (2011). The health benefits of urban green spaces: a review of the evidence, Public Health, 33(2), 212–222.
Lee, I., Choi, H., Bang, K.S., Kim, S., Song, M. & Lee B. (2017). Effects of Forest Therapy on Depressive Symptomsamong Adults: A Systematic Review Int. Public Health, 14(3), 321.
Lemogne, C., Basard, G.t. le., Mayberg, H., Volle, E., Bergouignan, L. & Lehéricy, S. (2009). In search of the depressive self: extended medial prefrontal network during self-referential processing in major depression, Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 4(3), 305-312.
Liuc, B., Liu, J., Wang M.i., Zhang Y. & LiL. (2017). From Serotonin to Neuroplasticity: Evolvement of Theories for Major Depressive Disorder Front Cell, Neurosci, 10, 33-89.
Maller, C., Townsend, M., Pryor, A., Brown, P. & Leger, L. (2006). Healthy nature healthy people: contact with nature’ as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations, Health Promot, 21(1), 45-54.
Mayberg, H.S., Lozano, A.M., Voon, V., McNeely, H.E. & Seminowicz, D. ( 2005). Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression, Neuron, Journal of Social Issues, 63 (1), 79-96.
Milligan C,  Bingley A. (2007). Restorative places or scary spaces? The impact of woodland on the mental well-being of young adults, Health Place, 13(4), 799-811.
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. (2006). Health in All Policies, Health Department, Finland, ISBN 952-00-1964-2.
Monajemi, A. (2015). Family Medical Guide, Depression, Salis, Tehran, Iran, (2), 1-67.
Monroe, S. M. & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders, Psychological Bulletin, 110(3), 406-425.
Montazeri, A., Mousavi Seyyed, J., Omidvari, S., Tavousi, M., Hashemi, A. & Rostami, T. (2013). Depression in Iran: A systematic review Research texts, Quarterly journal, 12(6), 567-578.
Motallebi, Q. & vojdanazadeh, N. (2011). The Impact of the Physical Environment of Therapeutic Spaces on Reducing Patients’ Stress, Tehran, Honar-ha-ye ziba, 20(2), 35-46.
Musa, H.D. & Yacob, M. R.  (2018). Enhancing subjective well-being through strategic urban planning: Development and application of community happiness index, sustaincle city and society, (38), 184-194.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2016). Statistics Any mood disorder among adults. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/any-mood-disorder.shtml.
Nazari, H., Hermeshi, C., Mashayekhi, F., Valizadeh, M. & Falahati, F. (2001). Prevalence of Depression in Tehran City, Tehran, 3(22), 23-28.
Oxman T. & Hull,  J. (2000). Social support, and treatment response in older depressed primary care patients. J Gerontol: Psychol Sci, (56), 35–45.
 Oxman, TE. Barrett, M.D., Anjana Sengupta, K. W., Williams, JW Jr., Frank, E, Hegel, M. (2001). A Status of minor depression or dysthymia in primary care following a randomized controlled treatment’,General Hospital Psychiatry, (23) 301–310
Pagliaccio, D., Luby, J. L., Bogdan, R., Agrawal, A., Gaffrey, M. S., Belden, A. C., Botteron, K. N., Harms, M. P., & Barch, D. M. (2015). Amygdala functional connectivity, HPA axis genetic variation, and life stress in children and relations to anxiety and emotion regulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(4), 817–833.
Proshansky, H.M., Ittleson, H.W. & Rivlin, G.L. (1970). Environmental Psychology: Man and His Physical Setting. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 43-86.
Proshansky, H.M., Ittleson, H.W. & Rivlin, G.L. (1970). Environmental Psychology: Man and His Physical Setting. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 43-86.
Sadeghi, Y. (2015). How to Prevent Depression and Its Prevention, Tehran, Psychology and Educational Sciences,  (1), 127-105.
Saki, k, Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2014). The effect of most important medicinal plants on two important psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression)-a review, Asian Pac J Trop , 7(1), 34-42.
Shermana, S.A., Varnib J.W., Ulrichc R.S., Vanessa, L. & Malcarne, S. (2005). Post-occupancy evaluation of healing gardens in a pediatric cancer center, Landscape and Urban Planning, (73), 167–183.
Sullivan, W. C., Frumkin, H., Jackson R. J. & Chang. Ch-Y. (2014). Gaia meets Asclepius: Creating healthy places, Landscape and Urban Planning, 127, 182–184.
Sullivan, W. C., Frumkin, H., Jackson R. J. & Chang. Ch-Y. (2014). Gaia meets Asclepius: Creating healthy places, Landscape and Urban Planning, (127), 182–184.
Taghvaie, H. (2018). Landscape Architecture: An Introduction to Definitions and Theoretical Foundations, First Edition, Beheshti Publishing, Biobank participants, planetary-health, (2) , 162-173.
 Tanja-Dijkstra, K. & Andrad,C.C. (2018). health care setting Environmental Psychology and Human Well-Being,Effects of Built and Natural Settings,313-334.
Thomas E. Oxman, Sengupta, A. (2001). Evidence-based practices in geriatric mental health care: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, (10), 3.
Ulrich, R. S. (2004 ). Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment. In Behavior and the Natural Environment, edited by I.Altman and J. Wohlwili, 85-125. New York: Plenum Press.
Ulrich, R.S. & Parsons, R. (1990). Influences of passive experiences with plants on individual well-being and health, presented at the National Symposium on the Role of Horticulture in Human Well-Being and Social Development, Washington, D.C.
Ulrich, R.S., Simons, R.F., Losito, B.D., Fiorito, E., Mile, B.A. & Selson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 201-230.
Van Den Berg, A.E., Hartig, T. & Staats, H. (2007). Preference for Nature in Urbanized Societies: Stress, Restoration, and the Pursuit of Sustainability, 63(1), 79–96.
Van den Bosch, M. & Ode Sang, Å. (2017). Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health – A systematic review of reviews, Environmental Research, (158), 373–384.
Walsh, C.J., Roy, A.H., Feminella, J.W., Cottingham, P.D., Groffman, P.M., II RPM. (2005). The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 24(3), 706-23.
White, M.P., Alcock, I., Benedict, W. & Wheeler Michael, H. (201). Depledge, Would You Be Happier Living in a Greener Urban Area?, A Fixed-Effects Analysis of Panel Data, Psychological Science, 24(6), 920-928.
WHO. (2011). Burden of Disease from Environmental Noise: Quantification of Healthy Life Years Lost in Europe. The World Health Organization European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn.
WHO. (2012). Action Plan for Implementation of the European Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non communicable Diseases 2012−2016. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.
WHO. (2016). Urban Green Spaces and Health, A Review of Evidence.
Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities “just green enough.” Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 234–244.