Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar1735-9635168120200220Evolution of the Urban Landscape of Hamedān during First Pahlavi Era;
Impacts of Piercing Streets on the City CenterEvolution of the Urban Landscape of Hamedān during First Pahlavi Era;
Impacts of Piercing Streets on the City Center51410347710.22034/bagh.2020.185773.4113FAFarshad BahramiM.A in Landscape Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-8143-7842Mohammad AtashinbarPostdoc in Landscape Studies of Islamic city, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, France0009-0003-1843-4069Journal Article20190514Statement of the Problem: Hamedān city, with its historical pre-Islamic history, used to have a rich traditional landscape until the Pahlavi era. Karl Frisch, a German engineer, made great changes in Hamedān’s urban landscape by constructing piercing streets. The construction of a vast square at the intersection of six piercing streets created a turning point in the landscape of Hamedān. This plan was developed in imitation of 19th Century European architecture and urban development to serve as a symbol of authority and modernity. It was like an industrial gear wheel passing through the historical texture, the center and bazaar of Hamedān. The intervention by Karl Frisch in the landscape was not aligned with what used to be practiced in the past and the amount of construction was so much as though Hamedān’s image was fundamentally transformed. <br />Purpose of the study: This study adopts a systematic approach to urban landscape analysis to examine the impact of piercing streets, an authoritative measure through urban management, on the urban landscape of Hamedān during the first Pahlavi era.<br />Method: This historical-analytical study relies on the provided data on the spatial features of Hamedān urban landscape.<br />Findings: Extensive changes in the urban landscape during the first Pahlavi era through the construction of streets in major cities such as Tehran, Mashhad, and Rasht reinforce this idea that urban restructuring can lead to the transformation of the urban landscape. However, the results show that such interventions in Hamedān have not changed its urban landscape in spite of the wide transformation in the physical form of the city in terms of the street architecture and the creation of new paths of access. The main reason for no changes is the consistency in identifying the same center in spite of extensive interventions.Statement of the Problem: Hamedān city, with its historical pre-Islamic history, used to have a rich traditional landscape until the Pahlavi era. Karl Frisch, a German engineer, made great changes in Hamedān’s urban landscape by constructing piercing streets. The construction of a vast square at the intersection of six piercing streets created a turning point in the landscape of Hamedān. This plan was developed in imitation of 19th Century European architecture and urban development to serve as a symbol of authority and modernity. It was like an industrial gear wheel passing through the historical texture, the center and bazaar of Hamedān. The intervention by Karl Frisch in the landscape was not aligned with what used to be practiced in the past and the amount of construction was so much as though Hamedān’s image was fundamentally transformed. <br />Purpose of the study: This study adopts a systematic approach to urban landscape analysis to examine the impact of piercing streets, an authoritative measure through urban management, on the urban landscape of Hamedān during the first Pahlavi era.<br />Method: This historical-analytical study relies on the provided data on the spatial features of Hamedān urban landscape.<br />Findings: Extensive changes in the urban landscape during the first Pahlavi era through the construction of streets in major cities such as Tehran, Mashhad, and Rasht reinforce this idea that urban restructuring can lead to the transformation of the urban landscape. However, the results show that such interventions in Hamedān have not changed its urban landscape in spite of the wide transformation in the physical form of the city in terms of the street architecture and the creation of new paths of access. The main reason for no changes is the consistency in identifying the same center in spite of extensive interventions.http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_103477_1130ad3d5dbe41ed9f09a4e09e8d5745.pdfNazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar1735-9635168120200220Qualitative Assessment of the Sensory Dimensions of Space in Historical Bazaars from the Users’ point of view
(Case Study: Qazvin Bazaar)Qualitative Assessment of the Sensory Dimensions of Space in Historical Bazaars from the Users’ point of view
(Case Study: Qazvin Bazaar)153010348010.22034/bagh.2019.168924.3972FAJavad SamadiArchitecture, Architecture department, Islamic Azad University, Naghadeh, IranDariush SattarzadehAssistant Professor, Department of Art &amp; Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.Lida Balilan AslArchitecture and Art Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch0000-0002-7978-1342Journal Article20190126Problem statement: Perception is our sensory experience of the surrounding world and requires the recognition of environmental stimulus and responses to them. Architecture is a multiple realm of sensory experiences that mutually affect each other and are interconnected and provide an opportunity for perception of a space. Throughout history, “ Iranian traditional bazaars”, with a vast collection of land uses and adjacent buildings, were lively centers of cities, and social interactions. These covered bazaars, which are valuable relics from the pre-modern era, can be considered as multi-sensory spaces, unlike contemporary shopping malls and shopping centers, which make sense of belonging to a place among users. <br />Research Objectives: The present study attempts to qualitatively examines the senses cape components in the Qazvin Bazaar from the users’ viewpoint, considering the importance of sensory perception system in spatial perception and the role that this perception can play in the process of cognition and behavior. <br />Research Method: The present study is a historical-descriptive research in which the data were analyzed using analytical-comparative techniques. The data were collected using secondary (desk) study and field study. <br />Conclusion: The results indicate that proper responses to various aspects of the sensory system in historical bazaars have created a multi-sensory environment while maintaining the interference of sensory domain. The qualitative cognition of the sense’s cape components in the present study determined that the visual landscape has the greatest role in the perception of environment, and like the tacti escape, it is fixed during the day. On the other hand, the soundscape and smells cape are considered as two stimuluses affecting the sensory enrichment of the environment, which have more changes during the day than other environmental stimulus.Problem statement: Perception is our sensory experience of the surrounding world and requires the recognition of environmental stimulus and responses to them. Architecture is a multiple realm of sensory experiences that mutually affect each other and are interconnected and provide an opportunity for perception of a space. Throughout history, “ Iranian traditional bazaars”, with a vast collection of land uses and adjacent buildings, were lively centers of cities, and social interactions. These covered bazaars, which are valuable relics from the pre-modern era, can be considered as multi-sensory spaces, unlike contemporary shopping malls and shopping centers, which make sense of belonging to a place among users. <br />Research Objectives: The present study attempts to qualitatively examines the senses cape components in the Qazvin Bazaar from the users’ viewpoint, considering the importance of sensory perception system in spatial perception and the role that this perception can play in the process of cognition and behavior. <br />Research Method: The present study is a historical-descriptive research in which the data were analyzed using analytical-comparative techniques. The data were collected using secondary (desk) study and field study. <br />Conclusion: The results indicate that proper responses to various aspects of the sensory system in historical bazaars have created a multi-sensory environment while maintaining the interference of sensory domain. The qualitative cognition of the sense’s cape components in the present study determined that the visual landscape has the greatest role in the perception of environment, and like the tacti escape, it is fixed during the day. On the other hand, the soundscape and smells cape are considered as two stimuluses affecting the sensory enrichment of the environment, which have more changes during the day than other environmental stimulus.http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_103480_a18fbe0dd55696040aabd04e09d0810a.pdfNazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar1735-9635168120200220A Comparative Study of the GridGeometry in the Urbanism and Painting of the Pahlavi EraA Comparative Study of the GridGeometry in the Urbanism and Painting of the Pahlavi Era313810348110.22034/bagh.2019.174011.4031FAMohammad Reza NaeemiM.Ar.Research of Art, Faculty of Art, Shahed University. Tehran, Iran.Mohsen MarasyArt Research,Faculty of Art, Shahed University,Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-5107-2811Journal Article20190310Problem statement: During the Pahlavi era, the authoritarian modernization with the government support had included all fields of culture, art, and society. During this period, Tehran’s morphology and spatial patterns have been gradually expanded that cause disregarding urbanization traditions of the Qajar era by replacing these traditions with the Modern urbanism, the painting also had surpassed the pictorial tradition of Kamal-ol-Molk’s representation and adopts a Modernist approach. The study attempts to compare Modern painting and Modern urbanism in the context of modernization and the prevalence of Modernist approaches of the Pahlavi era from a new perspective. This parallel and interdisciplinary study represent events that have formed in the short moment of history based on the same theoretical foundations and have been the cause of the appearance of forms as well as the same content in urbanism and the painting of the Pahlavi era.<br />Purpose: The primary purpose of the research is a comparative study of similarities and differences of the dominating geometric pattern in urbanism and the painting of the Pahlavi era. But the overall purpose of this research is to form an interdisciplinary study, with the assumption that methodological and interdisciplinary study from a new point of view can lead to newer horizons and interpretations.<br />Research method: This essay based on Grounded Theory will examine two fields of urbanism and the painting in a descriptive-analytical view and with a comparative approach, and the grid geometry as a common formal principle will be studied in urbanism, as well as the works of Modernist painters such as Jalil Ziapour and Marcos Grigorian.<br />Conclusion: Modernization and the prevalence of artistic Modernism can be known as the cause of formation of the new form and the content in urbanism and the painting during the Pahlavi era. Attaining new interpretations of the paintings and commonalities between the two fields of urbanism and the painting, including separation from history, attention to the novelty and the New, as well as the prevalence of new forms are the findings of this essay.Problem statement: During the Pahlavi era, the authoritarian modernization with the government support had included all fields of culture, art, and society. During this period, Tehran’s morphology and spatial patterns have been gradually expanded that cause disregarding urbanization traditions of the Qajar era by replacing these traditions with the Modern urbanism, the painting also had surpassed the pictorial tradition of Kamal-ol-Molk’s representation and adopts a Modernist approach. The study attempts to compare Modern painting and Modern urbanism in the context of modernization and the prevalence of Modernist approaches of the Pahlavi era from a new perspective. This parallel and interdisciplinary study represent events that have formed in the short moment of history based on the same theoretical foundations and have been the cause of the appearance of forms as well as the same content in urbanism and the painting of the Pahlavi era.<br />Purpose: The primary purpose of the research is a comparative study of similarities and differences of the dominating geometric pattern in urbanism and the painting of the Pahlavi era. But the overall purpose of this research is to form an interdisciplinary study, with the assumption that methodological and interdisciplinary study from a new point of view can lead to newer horizons and interpretations.<br />Research method: This essay based on Grounded Theory will examine two fields of urbanism and the painting in a descriptive-analytical view and with a comparative approach, and the grid geometry as a common formal principle will be studied in urbanism, as well as the works of Modernist painters such as Jalil Ziapour and Marcos Grigorian.<br />Conclusion: Modernization and the prevalence of artistic Modernism can be known as the cause of formation of the new form and the content in urbanism and the painting during the Pahlavi era. Attaining new interpretations of the paintings and commonalities between the two fields of urbanism and the painting, including separation from history, attention to the novelty and the New, as well as the prevalence of new forms are the findings of this essay.http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_103481_fd7a00e7513012a002007bf72ddeed42.pdfNazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar1735-9635168120200220The Concept and Aspects of Manifestation of Elegance in Architecture; Case Study: Soltaniyeh Dome and Sheikh Lotfollah MosqueThe Concept and Aspects of Manifestation of Elegance in Architecture; Case Study: Soltaniyeh Dome and Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque395210347610.22034/bagh.2019.176115.4042FAMassud WahdattalabFaculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran0000-0002-5221-0267Touraj HashemiFaculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranSomayyeh GhadimzadehFaculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20190314Problem statement: Elegance is a broad and universal concept with great importance in art and architecture. However, there is a lack of theoretical understanding about the nature and manifestations of elegance in architecture.<br />Research Objective: The aim of this study is to recognize the place and use of elegance in the design of architectural works as an artistic theme. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the authors tried to identify the concept and types of elegance and trace its uses in Iranian-Islamic architecture.<br />Research method: In the first step, scholars’ views on the elegance concept from two perspectives of philosophy of art and engineering design were investigated. Then a model of perceptual elegance was developed using the concept of matter (mass) and the physical and perceptual characteristics were studied. In the next step, by exploring different texts for the various possibilities of applying elegance to architecture and matching with the prepared model, its types were identified, and they were examined in the two cases of Soltaniyeh Dome and Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque.<br />Conclusion: The aspects of manifestation of elegance can be classified into at least three levels: at the macro level, the work may have elegance of geometry in the sense of formation process and system, spatial arrangement, placement, and orientation of elements; at the semi-macro level, we have elegance of structure and elegance of form of elements and organs; and at micro level, we may observe elegance of shell materials in terms of color, type and texture, and elegance of details in terms of connections and borders. Given the breadth and variety of its applications, the place of elegance in architecture goes beyond the expression of a particular style. The methods used by Iranian architects of the past to achieve physical elegance in its different varieties can offer inspirations for today’s Iranian architecture.Problem statement: Elegance is a broad and universal concept with great importance in art and architecture. However, there is a lack of theoretical understanding about the nature and manifestations of elegance in architecture.<br />Research Objective: The aim of this study is to recognize the place and use of elegance in the design of architectural works as an artistic theme. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the authors tried to identify the concept and types of elegance and trace its uses in Iranian-Islamic architecture.<br />Research method: In the first step, scholars’ views on the elegance concept from two perspectives of philosophy of art and engineering design were investigated. Then a model of perceptual elegance was developed using the concept of matter (mass) and the physical and perceptual characteristics were studied. In the next step, by exploring different texts for the various possibilities of applying elegance to architecture and matching with the prepared model, its types were identified, and they were examined in the two cases of Soltaniyeh Dome and Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque.<br />Conclusion: The aspects of manifestation of elegance can be classified into at least three levels: at the macro level, the work may have elegance of geometry in the sense of formation process and system, spatial arrangement, placement, and orientation of elements; at the semi-macro level, we have elegance of structure and elegance of form of elements and organs; and at micro level, we may observe elegance of shell materials in terms of color, type and texture, and elegance of details in terms of connections and borders. Given the breadth and variety of its applications, the place of elegance in architecture goes beyond the expression of a particular style. The methods used by Iranian architects of the past to achieve physical elegance in its different varieties can offer inspirations for today’s Iranian architecture.http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_103476_52803b28eaa4121fd397520f96238943.pdfNazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar1735-9635168120200220Verification of Failure Components of the 17th Shahrivar
Pedestrian Zone Project in TehranVerification of Failure Components of the 17th Shahrivar
Pedestrian Zone Project in Tehran536210347810.22034/bagh.2019.158323.3872FAReza KheyroddinUrban planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science &amp; Technology - Tehran &ndash; IranRasool HaghbayanUrban planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and TechnologyMohammad Saleh Shokouhi BidhendiUrban planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and TechnologyJournal Article20181123ntroduction: In Iran, being inspired by advanced countries and old patterns of Iranian city pedestrian spaces, the creation of pedestrian zones in the metropolises of the country has become popular to shift from car-oriented to walkability. The creation of the pedestrian zones in Tehran city after a number of relatively successful experiments, such as the 15th Khordad pedestrian zone and Sepahsalar pedestrian zone was followed by the creation of the 17th Shahrivar pedestrian zone. But, the 17th Shahrivar pedestrian zone based on the evidences such as the findings of scholars, criticisms of authorities and the discontent of the local people, is a rather unsuccessful experience.<br />Aim: This research with an analytical and profound look tries to methodically explain the main failure components of the 17th Shahrivar pedestrian zone in Tehran.<br />Methodology: For this purpose, the qualitative approach and the basic tools for collecting information including documents, semi-structured interviews and field observations have been used. The textual data collected mainly by coding, counting and creating the thematic network and the place data mainly by counting, photographing and mapping organized and conceptualized. In this stage, authors have inferred the main causes of project failure with scrutinizing all findings, examining the relationship between the main themes with each other, considering the theoretical foundations of the research and relying on rational and logical arguments.<br />Results:The findings of the article show that the main issues of the project failure are the three main problems: “The lack of proper need assessment, feasibility study and providing infrastructure for the project”, “Marginalizing local people in the process of planning and implementation” and “Macro economic, political and managerial issues”. Meanwhile, the main factor behind the defects and problems of the project seems to be political, managerial, and economic conditions and objectives. The experience of the 17th Shahrivar pedestrian zone indicates that the potential positive impacts of pedestrian zone creation on improving the quality of the environment are only possible if they are correctly located and have a sustainable and grassroots planning and management approach.ntroduction: In Iran, being inspired by advanced countries and old patterns of Iranian city pedestrian spaces, the creation of pedestrian zones in the metropolises of the country has become popular to shift from car-oriented to walkability. The creation of the pedestrian zones in Tehran city after a number of relatively successful experiments, such as the 15th Khordad pedestrian zone and Sepahsalar pedestrian zone was followed by the creation of the 17th Shahrivar pedestrian zone. But, the 17th Shahrivar pedestrian zone based on the evidences such as the findings of scholars, criticisms of authorities and the discontent of the local people, is a rather unsuccessful experience.<br />Aim: This research with an analytical and profound look tries to methodically explain the main failure components of the 17th Shahrivar pedestrian zone in Tehran.<br />Methodology: For this purpose, the qualitative approach and the basic tools for collecting information including documents, semi-structured interviews and field observations have been used. The textual data collected mainly by coding, counting and creating the thematic network and the place data mainly by counting, photographing and mapping organized and conceptualized. In this stage, authors have inferred the main causes of project failure with scrutinizing all findings, examining the relationship between the main themes with each other, considering the theoretical foundations of the research and relying on rational and logical arguments.<br />Results:The findings of the article show that the main issues of the project failure are the three main problems: “The lack of proper need assessment, feasibility study and providing infrastructure for the project”, “Marginalizing local people in the process of planning and implementation” and “Macro economic, political and managerial issues”. Meanwhile, the main factor behind the defects and problems of the project seems to be political, managerial, and economic conditions and objectives. The experience of the 17th Shahrivar pedestrian zone indicates that the potential positive impacts of pedestrian zone creation on improving the quality of the environment are only possible if they are correctly located and have a sustainable and grassroots planning and management approach.http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_103478_09c9f76242dd3e6fa8f694c0ec5ecd97.pdfNazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar1735-9635168120200220Typology of Traditional School Architecture with an Emphasis on the Effect of Educational PoliciesTypology of Traditional School Architecture with an Emphasis on the Effect of Educational Policies63849923110.22034/bagh.2019.141198.3691FAHamed HayatiAhvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz, Iran0000-0002-6249-0549AliReza RahmatNiaHigher Education Complex, Khuzestan University of Jahad, Ahwaz, Iran0000-0003-4587-4660Hossein KavarizadehAhvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz, IranJournal Article20180717<strong>Problem statement:</strong> one of the necessities of human life is to change and evolve to be excellent, and the only way to achieve it is education. The principled and regular change made to promote religious teachings using comprehensive and universal education by the government was one of the specific characteristics of the Safavid era. To this end, the rulers had established schools and other influential buildings. So, schools have become the most important educational centers at the service of the Shiite religion and one of the most important architectural buildings in this era. <br /><strong>Objective:</strong> Given that the educational approach of each era requires educational system and appropriate spaces and it is not clear how the educational system policies affected the architecture elements of the schools constructed in the Safavid era, the present study aims to investigate the effect of educational policies applied in the Safavid era on the physical elements and their coordination with the spatial organization and the architecture of schools of theology and seeks to typify the architecture of the schools constructed in this era considering educational policies. <br /><strong>Method:</strong> Given the rise of architecture and the development of educational policies in the Safavid era, which led to the development and expansion of Shiite Islamic schools of theology, in the present study, it is attempted to investigate the position and significance of education in the policies taken by the Safavid dynasty, and to typify the effect of it on the architecture of those schools built in this era using a historical-interpretative method, secondary (desk) study and field study. In this regard, four Safivid schools are selected as targeted samples and then, analyzed in terms of the general characteristics of the building, spatial hierarchy and organization according to the educational position and methodology of this era. <br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of present study indicate that in addition to the comprehensive development of architecture in the Safavid era, education and its position had changed and become different from previous eras. On the other hand, as the Shiite religion was recognized as the formal religion in Iran and the Safavid rulers promoted it adopting different policies, education of Shiite sciences in schools was made available for public use. These changes have resulted in changes in the education system and architecture of schools. Some of these changes are as follows: expansion of school dimensions, increase in the number and quality of chambers and madrasa, attention to the courtyard of schools as a vital element of schools, changes in the entrance system, connection between schools, city and public spaces and connection between school and prayer spaces.<strong>Problem statement:</strong> one of the necessities of human life is to change and evolve to be excellent, and the only way to achieve it is education. The principled and regular change made to promote religious teachings using comprehensive and universal education by the government was one of the specific characteristics of the Safavid era. To this end, the rulers had established schools and other influential buildings. So, schools have become the most important educational centers at the service of the Shiite religion and one of the most important architectural buildings in this era. <br /><strong>Objective:</strong> Given that the educational approach of each era requires educational system and appropriate spaces and it is not clear how the educational system policies affected the architecture elements of the schools constructed in the Safavid era, the present study aims to investigate the effect of educational policies applied in the Safavid era on the physical elements and their coordination with the spatial organization and the architecture of schools of theology and seeks to typify the architecture of the schools constructed in this era considering educational policies. <br /><strong>Method:</strong> Given the rise of architecture and the development of educational policies in the Safavid era, which led to the development and expansion of Shiite Islamic schools of theology, in the present study, it is attempted to investigate the position and significance of education in the policies taken by the Safavid dynasty, and to typify the effect of it on the architecture of those schools built in this era using a historical-interpretative method, secondary (desk) study and field study. In this regard, four Safivid schools are selected as targeted samples and then, analyzed in terms of the general characteristics of the building, spatial hierarchy and organization according to the educational position and methodology of this era. <br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of present study indicate that in addition to the comprehensive development of architecture in the Safavid era, education and its position had changed and become different from previous eras. On the other hand, as the Shiite religion was recognized as the formal religion in Iran and the Safavid rulers promoted it adopting different policies, education of Shiite sciences in schools was made available for public use. These changes have resulted in changes in the education system and architecture of schools. Some of these changes are as follows: expansion of school dimensions, increase in the number and quality of chambers and madrasa, attention to the courtyard of schools as a vital element of schools, changes in the entrance system, connection between schools, city and public spaces and connection between school and prayer spaces.http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_99231_0bcc479a3d5e5e4797257ec62a434598.pdf