Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
1735-9635
2251-7197
14
49
2017
06
22
A Comparative Study of Architecture and Content of Iran’s Schools
from the Traditional Era to the Modern Era
5
20
FA
Sepideh
Alaghmand
null
s.alaghmand@iau-tnb.ac.ir
Saeed
Salehi
استادیار گروه معماری دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی اراک
salehi.saeid55@yahoo.com
Farhang
Mozaffar
null
m.mozaffar@aui.ac.ir
Education and educational spaces in any eras have had a significant role in the growth and development of <br />communities. Schools are the best-known educational spaces, which were undergone essential changes over <br />time in various fields including architecture. Thus, it is important to evaluate these changes during different <br />eras. The lack of spatial qualities and replacement of other segments are our schools today problem, compared <br />traditional schools. In other words, the qualities existing in traditional schools are absent in architecture of <br />today’s schools, and the other elements were replaced. Studies that have been conducted regarding schools <br />to date show that less attention has been paid to architecture and content changes of schools, and their cause <br />during different periods. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate these developments and their reasons. This paper <br />tries to examine these developments and their causes. The aim of this study is to evaluate changes in the <br />architecture and content of schools and the relationship between them in the traditional, transitional, and <br />modern era in Iran, compared to each other. In this study, a comparative-analytical research methodology <br />has been used. Library studies were used to collect data. Dodar, Chahar Bagh, and Aqabozorg schools, from <br />traditional era, Darolfonun School from transitional era and Markar School from modern era were selected <br />for comparative analysis purposes; then the required indexes determined for comparison and the evaluations <br />were carried out. According to the hypothesis of this study, compared to the traditional era, architectural <br />developments in Iranian schools during the transitional and modern eras are mostly affected by their content; <br />nevertheless, results do not support the hypothesis and therefore, it was rejected. The results showed that the <br />architectural changes and the pattern of Iranian schools during the transitional and modern eras compared to <br />traditional era were associating with an abstraction-oriented imitation from the architecture of the West and <br />the lack of traditional schools spatial qualities in the architecture of modern schools. Therefore, the same <br />applies to the elimination of the residential section and the contents had no effect on these changes. In this <br />way, the Iranian school has maintained the traditional pattern until mid-Qajar, but since this era onwards and <br />with the establishment of Darolfonun and utilizing the West architecture, the architecture of schools were <br />change. In other words, the new structures of schools during the transitional and modern eras, was a European <br />imitation through eliminating the residential section (school-chamber) and converting to the (school-corridorclass). <br />Thus, the spatial qualities of traditional schools were eliminated, new elements were replaced, and <br />modern schools with new architectural were formed.
Architecture,content,Iran’s schools,Transitional to modern era
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47427.html
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47427_e96583e040704129ed71b08e2ee589a1.pdf
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
1735-9635
2251-7197
14
49
2017
06
22
An Investigation into Taziyeh and Performance Art with an
Emphasis on the Audience Interaction
21
32
FA
Zahra
Rahbarnia
https://orcid.org/00
null
z.rahbarnia@alzahra.ac.ir
ROSHANAK
DAVARI
null
ro.davari@gmail.com
Taziyeh as a ritual performance is an ancient art. Its present form originated during Safavid period and <br />became popular in Qajar era. Taziyeh has often tried to interact with the common audience in order to <br />convey meanings and thus be more effective. This art form is known to be the basis of the principles <br />of contemporary Dramatic and Performing Arts. As a part of New Art, in the late 60s, Performance Art <br />applied philosophy, visual arts, postmodern theories and theatrical elements to convert a static art into a <br />dynamic one, and thus developed the concept of communication and interaction with the audience during <br />the course of time. <br />Therefore the main problem of the research is as following: Is it possible to compare Taziye and Performance <br />Art within the body of Performing Arts and hence ascribe similar functions to both, related to the amount <br />of audience interaction (the amount of communications, the similarities and their overlapping)? Depending <br />on the hypothesis of this article, the two arts are related according to the definition of New Art within the <br />context of the audience participation; it means both are audience-centered. The main purpose of this study <br />is to identify a new approach in the field of Traditional Arts, and the secondary purpose is to accept Taziyeh <br />as a traditional art being parallel to the new art of Performance, on the basis of audience participation <br />features. In spite of the insignificant amount of its followers in Iran, this viewpoint is as old as postmodern <br />history and may expand the perspective of the artists. Therefore, a descriptive analytic method is applied <br />and the information is gathered through library documents. Studying the most common and outstanding <br />characteristics of these two arts, we have concluded that since there exists overlapping and similarities <br />between the two arts in the field of audience interaction and participation, Taziyeh could be considered as <br />Performance Art, and certain other traditional arts as the foundations of New Arts.
Ritual art,Taziyeh,Performance art,audience,Interaction
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47432.html
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47432_15822e7448aff3938fbf91ef52c3cc4a.pdf
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
1735-9635
2251-7197
14
49
2017
06
22
An Introduction to the Concept of Privacy and How it is Realized in the
House Life-World1 Comparative Study in Pre-modern and
Modern Iranian Houses
33
44
FA
Hannaneh
Khamenehzadeh
Tabriz Islamic Art University
khamenezade@gmail.com
Privacy, as the process in which humans regulate their relation with the others and achieve the experience <br />of introspection, can be reached in the ‘house’ more than everywhere else. This phenomenon and its <br />realization in the life world of house is studied and analyzed in this essay. <br />There are various definitions of privacy from different points of view, but they mostly confirm that privacy <br />is a spectrum as a concept. The basic hypothesis of this research is that failing to pay attention to the <br />spectrum-like nature of privacy in designing living spaces especially ‘houses’, has on many occasions <br />caused such spaces to be built by considering only one aspect of such concept. ‘Individual privacy’ and <br />‘collective (group) privacy’ are on both extremes of the privacy spectrum and two equal aspects of one <br />nature, and they must be considered simultaneously for the optimum realization of privacy. Giving priority <br />to either of the aspects or ignoring each of them can result in mental or social damages and turn the <br />atmosphere of the house into an ineffective place in the extensive provision of the needs of the residents. <br />Assuming a qualitative approach on the basis of interpretive historical method, this research has analyzed <br />the realization of privacy spectrum in the two groups of pre-modern and modern Iranian houses. According <br />to studies, a one dimensional/one faceted approach to the spectrum nature of the privacy in either group <br />of the houses has led to the elimination of some territories. So either of personal/ individual identity and <br />collective identity is bold in one of these two groups of houses. Therefore, the all-inclusive consideration <br />of privacy spectrum and trying to achieve all of its aspects can be considered a comprehensive approach.
Privacy spectrum,Individual privacy,Collective (group) privacy
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47438.html
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47438_9b393e704462bcca5adc3159cd26660c.pdf
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
1735-9635
2251-7197
14
49
2017
06
22
From Bazaar to Shopping Centers: Analysis of the Evolution of
Modern Commercial Spaces in Tehran
45
56
FA
Leila
Habibi
استادیار گروه مدیریت چهانگردی دانشگاه مازندران
l.habibi@umz.ac.ir
Farzin
Mahmoudi Paty
urbanism , Department of urbanism and architecture , University of Mazandaran.
farzinmahmoudi@umz.ac.ir
Impacts of modernism on urban spaces can be observed in specific historic periods of Iran cities. This issue is <br />important because these public spaces have undergone scale and performance alternations. Tehran, as the capital of <br />country and as the showcase of alternations, has been the symbol of modern city and today is exposed to increasingly <br />accelerated changes. As one of public spaces types, commercial spaces have concurred Tehran and dominated other <br />functionalities. Due to increasing application of commercial spaces, this paper studied their development trend from <br />traditional bazars to specialized markets, centralized stores, malls and the like. Therefore, the aim of this study is to <br />investigate the growth and development trend of commercial spaces in Tehran. This is a qualitative and descriptiveanalytical <br />research in which data collection tools such as documentation, library and field surveys such as noncooperative <br />observation were employed throughout the city. ArcGIS software was applied for results’ analysis. For <br />showing the spatial development trend of commercial spaces in different periods, maps were used. The results of study <br />revealed formation of different commercial centers from the beginning of contemporary era in different forms which <br />can be classified into several groups. First, the commercial centers and commercial units of Tehran were in the form <br />of single-core units and then linearly developed around the central cores (streets and new markets); afterwards; they <br />exhibited themselves in the format of new specialized markets. Spatial forms of this functionality in Tehran, from <br />traditional form of bazar in the center to specialized markets in the surrounding regions of Tehran, reflect increasing <br />demand for these spaces and also shortage of growth space. The results also revealed that formation of these markets, <br />regarding spatial limitations in Tehran, will be enhanced in the surrounding areas of Tehran. Spatial alternations of <br />commercial applications in the cities highlight the role of urban planning and introduce commercial application as a <br />crucial driving force in formation of cities.
modernism,Modernization,Commercial spaces,Shopping center,Especial markets
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47439.html
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47439_296bcf6e28139a0432644af006085585.pdf
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
1735-9635
2251-7197
14
49
2017
06
22
Reflections on the Public Art: Comparative Case Study of the Elgolu Park
in Tabriz (Iran) and Lampini Park in Bangkok (Thailand)
57
68
FA
Mostafa
Rostami
Member of science Group
m.rostami@umz.ac.ir
Rogaieh
Sarvi Zargar
null
rsarvizargar1362@gmail.com
hojjaolah
eyni
null
hojjat_eini@yahoo.com
By the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th, rapid technological changes, increasing <br />urbanization, and the login art to Urban Space, everyday lives of the people bounded to the ‘public spaces’. <br />Hereby, new ‘institutions’ were in need, and ‘city’ turned into one of the fundamental problematic sites of <br />inquiry for artists, urban planners, designers, architects, politicians, and every individual citizen around the <br />globe. In 1920s, as one among many solutions to the problematic of the ‘cities’ and ‘citizenship’, ‘public <br />art’ increasingly caught the attentions and preformed an undeniable role in the everyday lives of the people. <br />As an analytical-comparative analysis, this inquiry analyzes urban spaces in two main public spaces in <br />Thailand and Iran comparatively: Lampini Park in Bangkok and Elli Park in Tabriz. From structural <br />perspective, the two are significantly similar; which makes the research justified methodologically. <br />Despite the similarities such as the area of Parks, having lakes and being constructed in the same time, <br />the comparative analysis, based on the analytical components, illustrates that the spaces had been used <br />differently. <br />Contrary to what the analysis the Lampini Park in Bangkok shows, there is no distinction between the <br />interior and exterior structures in case of Elgolu Park in Tabriz; which means the designers faced two <br />different spaces with one single logic and mind set. Not only cannot meet the requirements, but also is <br />caused special confusion and disorder as well.
urban park,Public space,Public Art,Lampini Park,Elgolu Park
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47440.html
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47440_04f0c61eab40c2dd8763635e405caf02.pdf
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
1735-9635
2251-7197
14
49
2017
06
22
New Approaches to the Landscape Aesthetics Research
69
76
FA
Amin
Habibi
null
a_habibi@shirazu.ac.ir
According to the approaches of landscape aesthetics developed in the twentieth century based on environmental <br />psychology and experimental works, landscape and urban planning is of high priority . On the other hand, the effect <br />of aesthetics on the perception, experience and changes of landscape is highly highlighted. According to researchoriented <br />perspectives, aesthetics is very important for perception and experience of landscape. <br />Aesthetics also affect the changes of landscape. <br />Nowadays, aesthetics plays a significant role in the landscape architecture and is used as a driver to change the <br />landscape in term of cultural values, social justice and environmental rights.. Aesthetics provide a new form of <br />sustainable landscape and contribute to beauty, acceptance and make sense of the landscape. The objective of this study <br />was to find the paradigm of landscape aesthetics in the future. According to the qualitative data of previous studies, to <br />understand future researches in the field of aesthetic landscape, three different approaches should be concerned that <br />are described in detail in this study. These approaches including phenomenological, psychological and ecological can <br />shape the general paradigm of landscape aesthetic and determine the direction of the future researches in the field of <br />landscape; therefore, this paper tries to answers these questions: what are the new approaches to study the landscape <br />aesthetics? How these approaches can be used to shape the researches in the field of landscape aesthetics in the future? <br />This is a descriptive-analytical study.. In this study, scientists’ views and intellectual typology of the past century <br />have been collected by analysis of the approaches mentioned above. If the phenomenological approach is perceived <br />as the exchanged type and the ecological approach as a holistic one, psychological approach is as psychological <br />and evolutionary approach. According to the results of study on the future researches on landscape aesthetics, the <br />approaches mentioned above are neither incompatible nor consistent. These approaches complement each other, but <br />explain different aspects of landscape aesthetics.
landscape,Aesthetic,Psychological approach,Phenomenological Approach,Ecological Approach
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47442.html
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_47442_cd3f6d777db739cb15402ed846ba3674.pdf