Analysis of the Concept of Colonial Urbanization in Iran
Case study: Abadan during Britain Oil Colonialism
Mahdi
Zandieh
Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Development, Imam Khomeini International University of Qazvin, Iran.
author
Hasan
Hekmat
Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil and Architecture Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran.
author
Amin
Maghsoudi
Ph.D. Candidate in Landscape Architecture, School of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Abstract Problem statement: The oil discovery and presence of Britain under the banner of Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the processes of oil exploration and extraction in the South of Iran, especially Khuzestan, creates a colonial experience in this region. This issue has created a pattern of colonial urbanization in Iran and brought changes in economic, political, and social aspects, which can be emerged in Abadan as the center for British Petroleum Colonialism activities. Research objective: The present study is aimed at investigating the effects of colonial attitudes on the urban structures of Abadan as an example of colonial urbanization in Iran’s geographical platform. Research method: This study is qualitative, and attempts to answer the research questions using the interpretive-historical method. The data collection method in this study was bibliographic through which written references like books, articles, and visual sources like historical images, and urbanization maps were examined and analyzed. Also, the authors used their living experience in Abadan on the other hand. Conclusion: Using urban zoning principles, greenbelt in the frame of city garden principles, ordered urban blocking, and using urban squares as urban joints have been the most important measures of colonial urbanization in Abadan taken to enhance the control and supervision level on different urban sections. Also, this study showed that Abadan colonial city can be interpreted as a panoptic city on one hand, and a dual city in terms of physical, social, economic, and infrastructural aspects on the other hand.
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
1735-9635
18
v.
98
no.
2021
5
20
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_132016_afd2f7777077c3626eb8b53c88562581.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2021.242478.4624
The Spatial Representation of Power Tolerance in Isfahan City during the Safavid Era
(Case study: Allahverdikhan Bridge)
Ghazaleh
Hanaei
Ph.D. of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
author
Darab
Diba
Professor of Architecture, Architecture Department, Faculty of Fine Art, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
Hamed
Abedini
Ph.D. Student in Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Problem statement: By the beginning of the Safavid rule, a new era of civilization and progress started to initiate in the city of Isfahan. Economic and political stability, along with a balanced establishing of social, religious and governmental powers, prepared a fundamental change in the urban structure and the social and urban relations of Isfahan city.
Therefore, the city moved toward a new kind of urban formation and the required basement for a dynamic social life in the form of public events with diverse perceptions was created, that all resulted in the foundation of a considerable range of public spaces in various type, including urban bridges. Accordingly, “Allahverdikhan Bridge”, with its functional and physical development, become a place of public gathering, recreation and urban interaction, which has played an important role in power balance in the target city.
Research objective: The aim of this study is to examine the Safavid government relation with people, religion and city, and to study their effect on the formation of public spaces in Isfahan, especially Allahverdikhan Bridge. Based on this, the central position of this bridge in the Safavid power’s relation can be explained in accordance with the other components in the city.
Research method: A qualitative research study was adopted to analyze the concepts of research objectives through an interpretive-historical method and by addressing the library resources.
Conclusion: The results show that the special role of Safavid reign was to legitimize the power structure (reinforcing the religious and public base) in the process of social relations’ development and the formation of public spaces, especially in Allahverdikhan Bridge. The interaction and tolerance of the government system as the major base of power, in relation to ‘religion, society and city’, led to the formation of a connected space between the state and people (public spaces) and the balanced establishment between them. In this regard, Allahverdikhan Bridge as a public space, and considering its position and role in the urban structure of Isfahan in the Safavid era, become the center of power tolerance and social balance.
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
1735-9635
18
v.
98
no.
2021
21
32
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_133046_bbd4c8366de0919eac2a931c48ef84ac.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2020.246983.4655
A Comparative Study of Professional Competencies of HandiCrafts in a Few Countries and Explaining Its Neglected Aspects in the Iranian Undergraduate Curriculum
Hossein
Norouzi Gharagheshlagh
Ph. D. Candidate, Art Research, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
author
Iman
Zakariaee Kermani
Assistant Professor, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
author
Amadreza
Nasr Esfahani
Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Esfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Problem statement: Considering the importance and necessity of developing Handicrafts as a cultural-economic component, studying all aspects affecting it and determining a solution in this regard is necessary. Higher education in this field is attracting students at the undergraduate level since 1983 and has followed a fixed curriculum with the same approach. Because competencies and the need to consider them as a developer of curriculum is essential, it must be reviewed and evaluated in every field continuously and according to the current situation. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the question of what are the professional competencies of Iranian undergraduate Handicrafts that have received less attention in its curriculum. This study can be considered as an introduction and a solution to the need to pay attention and review the curriculum in this field. Research objective: The main purpose of this study is to identify the Neglected aspects of professional competencies in the Iranian Handicrafts undergraduate curriculum. Research method: The present research is of qualitative type and is done by documentary method and qualitative content analysis. The use of a comparative approach in this study is done with the objective of examining the professional competencies of Handicrafts in higher education in Iran, Turkey, Malaysia, India and England in the three dimensions of knowledge, skills and attitudes. Conclusion: The results show that in order to promote the field of Handicrafts in Iran, in addition to the emphasis of the curriculum on technical skills and cultural and historical knowledge – which are themselves very important – other essential competencies are needed to be seriously considered with entrepreneurial, economic, and social approaches.
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
1735-9635
18
v.
98
no.
2021
33
44
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_122723_4e015cc48bd1ff28eeb86c71529f80fc.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2021.239586.4605
An Analysis of the Decisive Moment Structure in the Works of Combatant-photographers of the Imposed War
Mehdi
Mardani Aghdam
Instructor of Photography Learning Group, Faculty of Art, Semnan University, Iran.
author
Seyed Mohammad
Mehrnia
Assistant Professor of Textile Design Group, Faculty of Art, Semnan University, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Problem statement: The decisive moment theory by Cartier-Bresson is a perceptive intuition from Budism school. According to Bresson’s theory, a photographer needs to engage himself in the event and put himself at the center of it. Subsequently, all structure pulses take that shape and by finding that moment, the photographer has found the decisive moment.
Research objectives: The goal of this paper is to see how Bresson’s theory of the decisive moment is reflected in the works of three combatant-photographers of the Iraq-Iran war.
Research method: This research uses a descriptive-analytical method and the documents are collected by library research as well as field interviews with an emphasis on the decisive moment theory. These interviews have been conducted with three prominent and expert photographers as eyewitnesses of the events of the imposed war (Jang-e Tahmili), Ali Fereydouni, Saeed Sadeghi and Mehrzad Arshadi. The selection of the individuals in question was based on self-education. The selected individuals, in terms of need and necessity, undertook the photography of the space of the front line and the war and in this paper, they are referred to as combatant-photographer.
Conclusion: The present study seeks to address how the effect of decisive moment theory has been manifested in the works of combatant-photographers of the imposed war. The results of this paper indicated that photographic intuition, subconscious mind, mental perceptions, observing and timing, have been the central components of the theory. These components have led to self-learning and photographic discovery and intuition in the works of the above-mentioned combatant-photographers in a way that the theory can be observed and analyzed in their works.
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
1735-9635
18
v.
98
no.
2021
45
54
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_122355_d88d302e1de1516ad2f03f0762232b9e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2021.192645.4198
Reading, Revising and Reviewing the Kufic Inscriptions on the Caravanseries of Khorasan Razavi
Mehdi
Tatari
PhD. Student Archaeology, Department of History & Archaeology, Faculty of Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, Science And Research Branch,Islamic Azad University,Tehran,Iran.
author
Javad
Neyestani
Department of Archaeology,Tarbiat Modares University,Tehran,Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Problem statement: Kufic inscriptions of Islamic architecture are considered the ancient era masterpieces of Iran and the Islamic world. Some of the Caravanseries in Razavi Khorasan province are counted among superb monuments in terms of decorations and architecture. However, the antiquity of some of them has not yet been well analyzed. Monumental inscriptions are often the most outstanding architectural elements that can direct the researchers through their endeavors from various viewpoints. Therefore, we deemed it critical to review the inscriptions under the study in terms of the scripts, objectives, various calligraphy types, etc., and determine their impacts on the identity of the monuments of interest. Research objective: This study tries to comparatively review the inscriptions, scan the obscure ones, and correct the erroneous scanning of some others. In this spirit, the authors focused their efforts on presenting advice on the recreation of the inscriptions found at Robat (a small fortification built along a frontier) Mahi excavation site. They determined some of the monuments’ ages through a critical approach toward inscriptions scanning by employing the surviving texts and shreds of evidence. Research method: The present study was conducted through survey and archeological research methods. First, the inscriptions were recorded using the survey investigations. Then it was attempted to accurately identify the events of the past to further clarify the historical, political, and economic identities of the monuments under investigation through library research, verification of the firsthand resources, evidence gathered by the past photographers, and then through data analysis and classification, following the historical approach. Conclusion: This study revealed that the writing structure of the Kufic inscriptions was based on the early Kufic scripts with diverse writing styles and that the artists have employed the decoration factor in conveying their message. The placement of the inscriptions in the predetermined spaces is in abundant congruity and harmony with their associated monuments. A reason for inscribing the scripts has been to serve religious purposes. Some advice was then made for age determination of Caravanseries of Ziarat, Mahi, and Sharaf sites after scanning and reading some of the inscriptions.
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
1735-9635
18
v.
98
no.
2021
55
66
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_133047_f01f38c235fc10f678c47b95fa526f04.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2021.221921.4479
A Comparative Study of Traditional Iranian Schools Flexibility from the Seljukid Era to Qajar Era
Mansooreh
Mohseni
Faculty of Architectural Engineering and Urbanism, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran.
author
Sajede
Kharabati
Faculty of Architectural Engineering and Urbanism, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Problem statement: Flexibility is one of the significant concepts in traditional Iranian architecture and Its role is highlited especially in educational spaces due to crutial need of people. Today, however, the role of flexibility in new schools has diminished. Meanwhile, the architecture of traditional Iranian schools has valuable indicators in term of flexibility that can be considered in the design of new schools.
Research objective: The present study aimed to study the flexibility of traditional Iranian schools and to investigate the mode of changes in the flexibility of these schools from the Seljuk to Qajar historical era and also to identify the factors affecting the flexibility of traditional schools to use these factors in designing flexible educational spaces.
Research method: This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. For this purpose, first, data related to the field of flexibility extracted from library resources. Then, after content analysis, the theoretical framework identified and the manifestation of flexibility in case studies investigated by a field study and deductive reasoning methods.
Conclusion: This study shows that in addition to the fact that traditional schools have been flexible in all of these periods; Their flexibility has also changed along with their physical evolution and the addition of physical elements of the vault and nave. In general, in most of the physical elements of the studied schools, the farther we go from the Seljuk period and get closer to Qajar period, the component of functional diversity decreases the spatial diversity, adaptability and changeability become more prominent. Therefore, the flexibility of schools during this period has been a growing trend.
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
1735-9635
18
v.
98
no.
2021
67
82
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_133048_97c0cb0914308dddcad3697c9c70b7c8.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2021.238466.4598
An Assessment of Tourists’ Perception of Traditional Lifestyle in an Adaptively Reused Historical House in the City of Kashan, Iran
Ehsan
Masoud
Lecturer, Ph.D. In Architecture, School of Architecture, University of Tehran, Iran.
author
Mohsen
Faizi
Professor of Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Problem Statement: Through time, Kashan’s historical houses and lifestyle have had a reciprocal relationship. In contemporary times, however, lifestyles have changed very much; to the point of being forgotten. The Adaptive Reuse of some historical houses presents an opportunity to gain a better understanding of the lives that people once lead in them.Research objectives: This study seeks to discover the characteristics of lifestyle in Kashan’s historical houses, as well as the extent to which tourists understand this lifestyle during their stay in historical houses retrofitted as hotels. What are the characteristics of the lifestyle in the historical houses of Kashan? To what extend do tourists understand this lifestyle during their stay in historical houses retrofitted as hotels? Gain a better understanding of traditional lifestyle components and analyze tourists’ understanding to better address shortcomings in future adaptive reuse projects are the research objectives. Research Method: The research methodology of this study is mixed qualitative-quantitative methods. First, the lifestyle in Kashan’s historical houses was analyzed through literature reviews and field studies, such as participatory observation and in-depth interviews. Next, after extracting and codifying the most repetitive components previously obtained, tourists’ perceptions of these components were examined through 102questionnaires in 8hotels. Conclusion: The repetition of the expressed characteristics of interviewees from different socio-economic groups displays a dominant lifestyle across different cultural-economic groups in traditional society. Moreover, the extraction of lifestyle components in Kashan’s historical houses in three categories, namely cultural, social, and economic components, reveals the multidimensionality of this lifestyle. Despite their connection to physical spaces, tourists’ perception of this lifestyle’s nature, characteristics, and intangible features are fragmented and incomplete. While many lifestyle components manifest in customs and behaviors, furniture and appliances can play an important role in introducing a lifestyle when effectively integrated in experiences rather than being mere decoration.
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
1735-9635
18
v.
98
no.
2021
83
94
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_126381_6011a7a246a9221076af92ab2159f113.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2021.232634.4554
Architecture Poetics in Some Selected Religious Contemporary Architecture Works:
The Comparative Study of Poetics Capabilities in Poetry and Architecture
Fatemeh
Nouri
Ph.D. Candidate in Architecture, Department of Architecture, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
author
Mohammad Mahdi
Soroush
Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
author
Manouchehr
Foroutan
Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
author
Hamid Reza
Shairi
Professor of French Language Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Poetry and architecture as two artistic branches use their own language and instrument to convey message. Each of the mentioned arts creates a space by their instruments which is readable by the audience. This property (readability) push them towards textuality. Poetics is a word to show generative aesthetics, space qualitative elements and construction in arts. The infrastructure which happens by passing through textuality properties and promotes speech to poem and also distinguishes between construction and architecture world. Poetic strategies have been identified and classified in poetry by different literary techniques. The current study aims at exploring poetic elements and strategies in architecture space by investigating and comparing poetics in the space of poetry with architecture and answers this questions that what similarities in poetry literary techniques and architecture strategies make the space in poetry and architecture poetic? Therefore, religious contemporary architecture has been used as besides function, expressing concepts is also important in religious architecture which provides a suitable background for poetic expression in architecture. The selected buildingsa have been chosen among religious buildings and from different religions. The samples under investigation are The Water Temple by Tadao Ando, Laleh Park Chapel by Kamran Diba, Sancaklar Mosque by Emre Arolat and Church of San Giovanni Battista by Mario Botta. First, common infrastructures between architecture and poetry have been mentioned. Language has been considered as common factor between these two arts and has been regarded as a basis to compare them. “Poetics” as the axis of this discussion and finally investigations showed that architects like poets have created poetics architecture by literary techniques such as allusion, synesthesia, defamiliarization, metaphor and trope.
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar
Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)
1735-9635
18
v.
98
no.
2021
95
106
http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_133049_a0c04fee00b159ecf57fd6d5a55e6567.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2021.241150.4612